The DNA structure in phage capsids is determined by DNA–DNA interactions and bending energy. The effects of repulsive interactions on DNA interaxial distance were previously investigated, but not the effect of DNA bending on its structure in viral capsids. By varying packaged DNA length and through addition of spermine ions, we transform the interaction energy from net repulsive to net attracti...

Automobile internal combustion engine connecting rod is a high volume production component subjected to complex loading. Proper optimization of this component, which is critical to the engine fuel efficiency and more vigorously pursued by the automotive industry in recent years, necessitates a detailed understanding of the applied loads and resulting stresses under in-service conditions. In thi...

Temnospondyl amphibians were important members of the tetrapod fauna and the terrestrial vertebrate food chain during the Paleozoic and early Mesozoic. The “labyrinthodont” teeth of these amphibians are not simple cones; they exhibit an overall tooth form that is relatively complex and generally conserved over large temporal and phylogenetic ranges. We assess the functional morphology of these ...

Background: An ISO standard tooth profile has a symmetric pressure angle of 20°. However, the load capacity can be increased with respect to bending and contact pressure by increasing the pressure angle on the meshing side of an asymmetric tooth. Accordingly, we analyzed the torque transmission capacity of asymmetric gears with various pressure angles. Methods: We calculated the deflection and ...

In this study, nonlinear bending of functionally graded (FG) circular sector plates with simply supported radial edges subjected to transverse mechanical loading has been investigated. Based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory with von Karman strain-displacement relations, the nonlinear equilibrium equations of sector plates are obtained. Introducing a stress function and a potent...

in this work, laser bending of perforated sheets has been investigated numerically. laser bending of perforated sheets is more complicated than non-perforated sheets due to their complex geometries. in this paper, laser bending of perforated sheets is studied numerically in the form of thermo-mechanical analysis with abaqus/implicit code. for this purpose, the effects of process and sheet param...

Based on the small deflection beam theory, bending equation with axial tension of suspended pipe partially buried in the linear elastic soil is established. And the corresponding boundary conditions are given according to the stress and deformation characteristics of suspended section and buried section. Then deflection equation for the suspended section is deduced. Afterwards, the stress and c...

Fatigue analysis of structural components such as helix tensile armors and steel tubes is a critical design issue for dynamic umbilicals and flexible pipes. The basis for assessment of fatigue damage of such elements is the long-term stress cycle distribution at critical locations on the helix elements caused by long-term environmental loading on the system. The long-term stress cycle distribut...

Recent developments in the study of the laser bending process are reviewed and presented to obtain new perspectives along the lines of dimensional characteristics and mechanical properties of the formed parts. Both numerical and experimental results are described and compared. The dimensional characteristics examined include bending angle variation and bending edge curving. The mechanical prope...