In the wave pattern of a flagellum generating planar undulatory bending waves, bending and unbending are represented by rather abrupt transitions between bent and unbent states (Brokaw & Wright, 1963; Brokaw, 1965). The magnitude of these transitions is indicated by the radius of curvature of the bent regions of the wave pattern, but their detailed time course cannot be resolved. The propagated...

Elastic-plastic crack-tip fields and constraint levels in bending specimens under large-scale yielding (LSY) are examined. The J − A2 three-term solution is modified by introducing an additional term caused by the global bending. Three different methods, i.e. two-point matching, constant A2 and elastic stress estimation method, are proposed to determine the fourth term. It is shown that the ela...

If ground subsidence or seismic load acts on piping that includes bent pipes, the highest stress often occurs not in a straight section but in a bent section. The author has therefore developed a method of estimating the stress generated by a change in diameter by adding an equation for the diameter change and bending moment to the bent pipe stress calculation equations proposed by Rodabaugh an...

Error estimâtes for the mixed finite element solution of 4th order elliptic problems with variable coefficients, which, in the particular case of aniso-/ortho-/isotropic plate bending problems, gives a direct, simultaneous approximation to bending moment tensor field ^ = {ipij)i<ij<2 and displacement field u\ have been developed considering the combined effect of boundary approximation and nume...

The macroscopic pre-cracked line scratch test (MPLST), in which a debonded edge of a film is loaded in in-plane compression, has been modeled as a generic, coupled fracture–buckle problem using simple beam theory. Near cracktip beam rotation (also called root rotation in literature), which always exists due to the eccentric loading in this type of test, has been incorporated into the governing ...