I show that persistent underconfidence and overconfidence each arise from rational learning about one’s own abilities. If an agent chooses to exert more effort when more confident and believes that greater effort reliably improves outcomes, then the agent learns away overconfidence faster than he learns away underconfidence. The agent ends up underconfident on average. In contrast, the agent en...

These days it is commonly accepted in the financial world that the tails of an asset return distribution are much heavier than those of the Gaussian distribution. Furthermore the choice of distribution is crucial for suchpurposes as value-at-risk and option pricing. Unfortunately, opinion on the tail weight question is divided. One school of thought believes that they are most appropriately mod...

1.3. However, the Men’s Health Forum advocates a greater understanding of how gender (in respect of both men and women) has an impact on health and believes there should be greater sensitivity to gender when designing health services, health information and health promotion initiatives. The Forum believes that the health of both men and women could be significantly improved by a greater underst...

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) believes that clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring is a fundamental responsibility of all pharmacists providing pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring is an integral component of pharmaceutical care for selected patients based on their specific pharmacotherapy, disease states and related factors, and treatment goals. ASHP...

The Transplantation Society (TTS) was the first professional transplantation organization to respond to the practice of using organs from executed prisoners for transplantation more than a decade ago (1). TTS has been instrumental in working with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Health Assembly to develop guidelines for governments to combat organ trafficking and, with the Inte...