introduction: the aim of this study was to assess the effect of ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase iiα (camkiiα) inhibitor (kn-93) injection into the locus coeruleus (lc) on the modulation of withdrawal signs. we also sought to study the effect of chronic morphine administration on camkiiα activity in the rat lc. methods: the research was based on behavioral and molecular studies. in the behavior...
