background & aim: deanaie thyme (thymus daenensis celak.), a member of the lamiaceae family.  thymus in one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants that was used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics hygienic industries in most of developed countries. recent studies have showed that thyme have strong antibacterial, antifungal, spasmolytic and antioxidant activities. experimental: ...

Herbivore cycles are often synchronized over larger areas than what could be explained by dispersal. In Norway, the 3-4 year lemming cycle usually show no more than a one-year time lag between different regions, despite distances of up to 1000 km. If important food plants are forced to reallocate defensive proteins in years with high seed production, spatially synchronized herbivore outbreaks m...

In dicotyledons, biomass predominantly represents cell-wall material of xylem, which is formed during the genetically poorly characterized secondary growth of the vasculature. In Arabidopsis hypocotyls, initially proportional secondary growth of all tissues is followed by a phase of xylem expansion and fiber differentiation. The factors that control this transition are unknown. We observed natu...

Irregular fruit production across successive years is a major issue that limits the profitability of most temperate and tropical fruit crops. It is particularly affected by the reciprocal relationships between vegetative and reproductive growth. The concept of the costs of reproduction is defined in terms of losses in the potential future reproductive success caused by current investment in rep...

Temporal uncertainty in raw data can impede the inference of temporal and causal relationships between events and compromise the output of data-to-text NLG systems. In this paper, we introduce a framework to reason with and represent temporal uncertainty from the raw data to the generated text, in order to provide a faithful picture to the user of a particular situation. The model is grounded i...

Flowering of many plant species is coordinated with seasonal environmental cues such as temperature and photoperiod. Vernalization provides competence to flower after prolonged cold exposure, and a vernalization requirement prevents flowering from occurring prior to winter. In winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), three genes VRN1, VRN2, and FT form a regulatory loop th...

Many varieties of wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) require prolonged exposure to cold during winter in order to flower (vernalization). In these cereals, vernalization-induced flowering is controlled by the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene. VRN1 is a promoter of flowering that is activated by low temperatures. VRN1 transcript levels increase graduallyduringvernalization,with long...

14-3-3 Proteins are a family of highly conserved regulatory molecules expressed in all eukaryotic cells and regulate a diverse set of biological responses in plants. However, their functions in flowering of Phyllostachys violascens are poorly understood. In this study, four non-𝜀 Pv14-3-3 genes from P. violascens were identified and named PvGF14b, PvGF14c, PvGF14e, and PvGF14f. qRT-PCR analyses...

The studies conducted in 2007–2008 were aimed to assess how the developmental stage of common oregano affected the quality and quantity of the herb yield. The field experiment was established with the use of random blocks in four repetitions. Oregano was grown from seeding produced in a greenhouse. Herbage harvest of one-year-old plants was conducted before flowering, in budding phase, at the b...

In temperate climates, the prolonged cold temperature of winter serves as a seasonal landmark for winter-annual and biennial plants. In these plants, flowering is blocked before winter. In Arabidopsis thaliana, natural variation in the FRIGIDA (FRI) gene is a major determinate of the rapid-cycling vs. winter-annual flowering habits. In winter-annual accessions of Arabidopsis, FRI activity block...