We consider an $\ell^p$ coarse Baum-Connes assembly map for $1<p<\infty$, and show that it is not surjective expanders arising from residually finite hyperbolic groups.

In part of speech tagging by Hidden Markov Model, a statistical model is used to assign grammatical categories to words in a text. Early work in the field relied on a corpus which had been tagged by a human annotator to train the model. More recently, Cutt ing et al. (1992) suggest that training can be achieved with a minimal lexicon and a limited amount of a priori information about probabilit...

Hidden Markov models (HMM’s) are popular in many applications, such as automatic speech recognition, control theory, biology, communication theory over channels with bursts of errors, queueing theory, and many others. Therefore, it is important to have robust and fast methods for fitting HMM’s to experimental data (training). Standard statistical methods of maximum likelihood parameter estimati...