We present a protocol for routing data messages from any sensor to the base station in a sensor network. The protocol maintains an incoming spanning tree whose root is the base station. The spanning tree is constructed as follows. First, each sensor in the network is assigned a unique identifier as if the sensors form a logical two-dimensional grid. Second, each sensor, other than the base stat...

During the last two decades, the number of macrocell mobile telephony base station antennas emitting radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in residential areas has increased significantly, and therefore much more attention is being paid to RF EMR and its effects on human health. Scientific field measurements of public exposure to RF EMR (specifically to radio frequency radiation) ...

In this paper, we present a configuration of wideband MIMO antenna array for 5G terminals. The single-element has compact size, dual polarization, wide operating bandwidth covering the N78 frequency band, and high isolation between two input ports (>40 dB). 4×1 radiation sub-array low mutuality spatial diversity characteristics over entire range. large-scale with single 4×8 can provide 8 ind...

As the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is greatly increasing, there an emerging threat using UAVs in infrastructure/cyber-attacks and data-eavesdropping. From safety security perspective, it a timely need to build air surveillance system that enables seamless detection function for low-and-middle altitude flying targets. However, unrealistic widely deploy classical radar stations due ast...

The most attractive feature of WiMAX is arguable the mobility capability that IEEE 802.16e (IEEE, 2004) standard adds to the previous standard. With mobility support, handover has become one of the most important factors that impact the performance of IEEE 802.16e system. Handover is the process of maintaining active sessions of a mobile station when it migrates from current base station to tar...

This paper addresses the displacement of a base station with optimization approach. A genetic algorithm is used as optimization approach. A new representation that describes base station placement, transmitted power with real numbers and new genetic operators is proposed and introduced. In addition, this new representation can describe the number of base stations. For the positioning of the bas...

Typical packet traffic in a sensor network reveals pronounced patterns that allow an adversary analyzing packet traffic to deduce the location of a base station. Once discovered, the base station can be destroyed, rendering the entire sensor network inoperative, since a base station is a central point of data collection and hence failure. This paper investigates a suite of decorrelation counter...