We study how corporate financing evolved during the Twentieth century in Britain. We document a remarkable transition from single to multiple firm-bank relationships. Larger, global, or transparent companies with greater needs for bank credit were more likely to add a bank, especially when located in more competitive local banking markets. Deregulation and intensifying competition in the bankin...

Several empirical studies have supported the hypothesis that bank relationships have economic value. By examining the effect of a Japanese bank failure on the profitability of client firms, this paper shows that the impact of a bank failure on clients depends on clients depends on the client’s characteristics and the method of bank liquidation, and that the value of bank relationships has been ...

The relationship between the target and acquiring banks in a bank merger is examined to determine if any factors contribute to the likelihood of a bank merger. Logistic models are used in an attempt to model the merger decision of both the target and the acquirer banks. I find some evidence larger banks holding riskier portfolios are more likely to acquire other banks. ** The author would like ...

Gravitational forces acting on in situ bank material act in concert with hydraulic forces at the bank toe to determine rates of bank erosion. The interaction of these forces control streambank mechanics. Hydraulic forces exerted by flowing water on in situ bank-toe material and failed cohesive material at the bank toe are often sufficient to entrain materials at relatively frequent flows and to...

To provide more insights into the responses of the soil seed bank and vegetation to human disturbance intensity, we selected four land use types, including: native grassland (no human disturbance), abandoned artificial grassland (light human disturbance), artificial grassland (moderate human disturbance), and farmland (severe human disturbance) in a semi-arid climate of northern China. The spec...

Increasing attention in invasion biology is being paid to measuring and understanding the impacts of invasive species. For plant invasions, however, the impact of invasion on soil seed bank communities has been under-studied. At six sites in southern Germany, we investigated whether areas invaded by Solidago gigantea and Solidago canadensis experienced a reduction in seed bank species richness,...

A growing number of commentators advocate enhancing the role of market discipline in the banking industry. They argue that if private sector stakeholders can discourage excessive risk-taking and encourage safe banking practices through the pricing of bank securities, then the extensive regulatory framework currently in place may be unnecessarily burdensome. In the wake of recent studies conclud...

A bank affiliated with a multi-bank holding company (MBHC) is significantly safer than either a stand-alone bank or a bank affiliated with a one-bank holding company. Not only does affiliation reduce the probability of future financial distress, but distressed affiliated banks are more likely to receive capital injections and recover more quickly than other banks. Interestingly, the effect of a...

extended distribution of digicash has commercial, socio-economic as well as political effects. from the economic viewpoint, the most crucial effect of digicash use extension takes place on money supply, monetary policies and central bank. because digicash is capable of being replaced by bank notes and the coins, it is possible that digicash gradually takes the place of the central bank money an...

.............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Background and Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Objectives and hypotheses ..........................