Grammar is the computational system of language. It is a set of rules that specifies how to construct sentences out of words. Grammar is the basis of the unlimited expressibility of human language. Children acquire the grammar of their native language without formal education simply by hearing a number of sample sentences. Children could not solve this learning task if they did not have some pr...

Abstract A ‘universal grammar’ for the full spectrum of visualization types is discussed. The grammar enables analysis any type regarding its syntactic constituents, such as visual encodings and components that are used. Such an a visualization, describing compositional syntax, can be represented specification tree. Colour coded tree branches between constituent enforce combination rules visual...

Sociolinguistics and language contact studies have been since the work of Labov and Bickerton, to name just two major theoretical figures in the two fields, in search for adequate theoretical models. Due to the dominance of Chomskian linguistics in the 70s and 80s both made compromises with the logical machinery underlying Chomsky’s proposals: Labov designed since 1969 grammars with variable ru...

Every language has its characteristics and rules, though all languages share the same components like words, sentences, subject, verb, object and so on. Nevertheless, Chomsky suggested the theory of language acquisition in children instinctively through a universal grammar that represents a universal grammar for all human languages. Since it has its declaration, this theory has encountered crit...

In probabilistic grammar induction, to avoid overfitting, simplicity priors are often used, which favor smaller grammars. An example of simplicity priors is Solomonoff’s universal probability distribution , where is the description length of the grammar G. The Hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP) [Teh, et al., 2006] has recently been used as a prior for the transition probabilities of a probabi...