Cytochrome P450 51 (CYP51) is sterol 14alpha-demethylase, known also as Erg11p in yeast. First studied in yeast, where it is one of three CYPs in the genome, it has subsequently gained attention as the only CYP found so far in different kingdoms of life. As such it is central to considerations of CYP evolution. Recent use of CYP51-inhibiting antifungal drugs, such as fluconazole, has also been ...

The direct and regioselective N-alkylation of amino-azoles to the corresponding 2-N-(alkylamino)azoles using various alcohols as alkylating agents with good to excellent yields has been accomplished by an iridium complex/base system.

A copper(II)-mediated regioselective N-arylation of azoles has been developed using 8-aminoquinoline amide as a directing group. This reaction shows a broad substrate scope with different azoles such as pyrroles, indoles, pyrazoles and carbazole with good yields.

Candida auris is an emerging fungus that presents a serious threat to global health. The organism is difficult to identify using conventional biochemical methods. C. auris has also attracted attention because of its reduced susceptibility to azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins, with a few strains even resistant to all three classes of antifungals. In this review paper we discuss the trends in e...

The increasing incidence of invasive fungal infections is the result of many factors, including an increasing number of patients with severe immunosuppression. Although new drugs have been introduced to combat this problem, the development of resistance to antifungal drugs has become increasingly apparent, especially in patients who require long-term treatment or who are receiving antifungal pr...

Abstract Filamentous fungi are crucial for recycling of organic material in nature. In natural habitats, they cope with many stress factors and therefore their adaptation ability to various conditions is very high. Trichoderma sp., used agriculture as biocontrol agent, exposed a variety toxic molecules including pesticides fungicides. They have fight using mechanisms known the response. Adaptat...

Antifungal azoles inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis by interfering with lanosterol 14α-demethylase. In this study, seven upregulated and four downregulated ergosterol biosynthesis genes in response to ketoconazole treatment were identified in Neurospora crassa. Azole sensitivity test of knockout mutants for six ketoconazole-upregulated genes in ergosterol biosynthesis revealed that deletion of on...

BACKGROUND Absence or severe reduction in the amount of ergosterol in the fungal membrane and its replacement with other sterols have been described as potential antifungal resistance mechanisms in fungi. AIMS AND METHODS The ergosterol content in a collection of 51 clinical yeast isolates, including susceptible and resistant strains to amphotericin B and azoles, was estimated by a simple chr...