Background and Aims: Since 1998, Iranian poultry industry has been affected by avian influenza (AI) virus, subtype H9N2. The association of high mortality and case report of H5N1 and H9N2 influenza virus in wild birds in recent years raised the suspicion of a possible new genetic modified AI virus. Methods: Partial nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid of hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 4 H9...

Abstract Despite the success in development of antiviral drugs, a need continues to exist for effective therapies for viral infections. Proteinase inhibitors of microbial origin could be used successfully as antiviral agents. The virus-inhibitory activity of a fermentation product, produced by Streptomyces sp. 225b (SS 225) was studied with respect to the specificity and selectivity of inhibiti...

In recent years the economic damage inflicted by several avian influenza (AI) subtypes (primarily H5N1 and H9N2, but also H7N1, H7N3, H7N7) on the commercial poultry industry and backyard poultry is beyond simple calculation. In response to the continued losses suffered by commercial poultry producers large scale vaccination has been introduced in many affected countries for the commercial sect...

Background and Aims: Avian Influenza (AI) H9N2 subtype was first reported to infect turkeys in the United States in 1966 and has been panzootic in Europe and Asia. The impact of avian influenza caused by H9N2 viruses in Iran is now significantly more severe than in previous years. Methods: Sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the complete coding region Polymerase A (PA) gene of H9N2 subt...

background and objectives: to determine the potential circulation of avian influenza viruses among different captive bird species, molecular surveillance was conducted at tehran zoo, saiee park and pardisan park of tehran, iran. these places are at risk for spread and transmission of influenza virus because of bird species diversity and close contact of birds with humans. materials & methods: d...

The recently identified human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses in China raise important questions regarding possible source and risk to humans. Sequence comparison with an influenza A(H7N7) outbreak in the Netherlands in 2003 and an A(H7N1) epidemic in Italy in 1999–2000 suggests that widespread circulation of A(H7N9) viruses must have occurred in China. The emergence of human ad...

The NS1 protein of influenza A viruses is known as a nonessential virulence factor inhibiting type I interferon (IFN) production in mammals and in chicken cells. Whether NS1 inhibits the induction of type I IFNs in duck cells is currently unknown. In order to investigate this issue, we used reverse genetics to generate a virus expressing a truncated NS1 protein. Using the low pathogenic avian i...

In South Korea, where avian influenza virus subtypes H3N2, H5N1, H6N1, and H9N2 circulate or have been detected, 3 genetically similar canine influenza virus (H3N2) strains of avian origin (A/canine/Korea/01/2007, A/canine/Korea/02/2007, and A/canine/Korea/03/2007) were isolated from dogs exhibiting severe respiratory disease. To determine whether the novel canine influenza virus of avian origi...

this study represents an intelligence procedure for diagnosis simultaneously avian newcastle disease virus, infection bronchitis virus and influenza using heart sound signal. for this aim, the chickens were divided into four groups. the first group was considered as control samples. the second, third and fourth groups were infected with newcastle disease virus, infection bronchitis and avian in...