it seems that characteristics of utopias have been inscribed in the most ancient iranian myths on the one hand, and drawn in shanameh book by toos sage (ferdowsi) on the other hand. apparently, theme and pattern of utopia were included in var jam kard (a garden built by king jamshid) at first place that is the most ancient one of such towns and according to vandidad (chapter of avesta), it was ...

there is no reference to the word “karimān” in garshaāp story in the avesta, pahlavi and persian zoroastrian texts. however, it can be found in the story of “rostam and sohrāb”, and “rostam and esfandiār” in the shāh-nāmeh. since the epic texts in other iranian languages are significant in shāh-nāmeh studies, the haft-lashkar manuscript and other texts in the gurani language are worth consideri...

Introduction        Gāthic texts are a collection of religious songs of Zarothustra who lived about 1200 BC. Of the seventy two hāts (stanzas) of Yasna (one of the five chapters of Avesta), seventeen hāts belong to five Gāthas. These seventeen hāts have been classified into five categories based on their syllabic meter and the number of the song: 1) ahunavaiti, 2) ushtavaiti, 3)spanta.mainyu, ...

many of the contemporary authors and researchers such as c. bartholomae (the author of the book “zum sassanidischem recht”) and arthur christensen (the author of the book “iran in the sassanian period”), believe that women had a very bad status in the sassanian period, being dealt with as slaves or objects. however, studying the religious and non-religious resources of this period, including av...

in sacred text of the religion of yari, we are confronted with some emphasized moral principles which have been stated by the great men of this religion repeatedly. these moral principles are honesty, purity, inexistence and rada. this article attempts to study the root of the term of rada in yaresan literature. it specifies that the term rada in yaresan literature which means donation, generos...

as bothepic and history express some stories of the past, their existing similaritiesand dissimilarities and their relation have attracted the attention of scholars.these two kinds of stories have been so similar that previous experts could notdistinguish the historical events from epics. in shāhnāme, as an excellent samplewhich iranians consider as their pre-islamic history until the last qaja...

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