Dilute or semidilute solutions of nonintersecting self-avoiding walk ~SAW! polymer chains are mapped onto a fluid of ‘‘soft’’ particles interacting via an effective pair potential between their centers of mass. This mapping is achieved by inverting the pair distribution function of the centers of mass of the original polymer chains, using integral equation techniques from the theory of simple f...

Density (or state) dependent pair potentials arise naturally from coarse-graining procedures in many areas of condensed matter science. However, correctly using them to calculate physical properties of interest is subtle and cannot be uncoupled from the route by which they were derived. Furthermore, there is usually no unique way to coarse-grain to an effective pair potential. Even for simple s...

on carbon. These particles can interact with the active sites of the carbon to form a species a t the metal-carbon interface which is stable against high-temperature reduction. This interaction may occur via oxygen atoms bonding with both the carbon surface and iron atoms contacting the carbon. This oxygen could be provided by dissociation of the C O ligands during decomposition. The remainder ...

The intuitionistic fuzzy set has been applied to game theory very rarely since it was introduced by Atanassov in 1983. The aim of this paper is to develop an effective methodology for solving matrix games with payoffs of Atanassov’s triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (TIFNs). In this methodology, the concepts and ranking order relations of Atanassov’s TIFNs are defined. A pair of bi-object...

background: the exposure of human being to ionize radiation from natural sources is a continuing, inescapable feature of life on earth. direct measurement of absorbed dose rates in air has been carried out in many countries of the world during the last few decades. such investigations can be useful for assessment of public dose rates, the performance of epidemiological studies, and keeping refe...