The concept of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) is based on the assumptions that (a) there exists an upper physical limit of the precipitation depth over a given area at a particular geographical location at a certain time of year, and (b) that this limit can be estimated based on deterministic considerations. The most representative and widespread estimation method of PMP is the so-called ...

[1] We investigate the role of atmospheric moisture advection in determining Southern Ocean water-mass properties in a coupled climate model. Two sensitivity experiments are presented in which the winds advecting moisture are either reduced or enhanced south of 45 S. It is shown that a variation in meridional winds in the Southern Ocean can generate large anomalies of subsurface potential tempe...

There are two fundamental methods of simulating atmospheric flows physical models and mathematical models. With the first technique, scale model replicas of observed ground surface characteristics (e.g., topographic relief, buildings) are constructed and inserted into a chamber such as a wind tunnel or a water tank. The flow of air or other gases or liquids in this chamber is adjusted so as to ...

Mesoscale atmospheric models currently rely on an integrated land-surface model to provide fluxes of heat, momentum, and moisture from the land surface to the atmosphere. While improvements have been made by tuning land-surface models for a variety of test cases, current models are limited to vertical transport in a shallow soil column. They are thus unable to capture lateral transport of soil ...

[1] The role of evapotranspiration (ET) in the global, continental, regional, and local water cycles is reviewed. Elevated atmospheric CO2, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit (D), turbulent transport, radiative transfer, and reduced soil moisture all impact biotic and abiotic processes controlling ET that must be extrapolated to large scales. Suggesting a blueprint to achieve this link is ...

[1] Robust responses and links between the tropical energy and water cycles are investigated using multiple datasets and climate models over the period 1979–2006. Atmospheric moisture and net radiative cooling provide powerful constraints upon future changes in precipitation. While moisture amount is robustly linked with surface temperature, the response of atmospheric net radiative cooling, de...

Yusuke Ominami, Dr. Eng. Kenji Nakahira, Dr. Eng. Akiko Hisada Makoto Nakabayashi Minami Shoji Mai Yoshihara Kenichi Sato Sukehiro Ito OVERVIEW: Hitachi High-Technologies developed the AE1500, a tabletop atmospheric SEM that is capable of scanning electron microscopy under atmospheric pressure, by using a membrane that allows an electron beam to pass while keeping the atmospheric-pressure chamb...

Animations and other outreach products have been created and released to the public quickly after the CloudSat spacecraft flew over hurricanes. The automated script scans through the CloudSat quicklook data to find significant atmospheric moisture content. Once such a region is found, data from multiple sources is combined to produce the data products and the animations. KMZ products are quickl...

1. introduction variability and changes in precipitation amounts, including extreme precipitation and droughts, trigger relevant societal and environmental impacts. atmospheric circulation strongly determines precipitation variability over southern half of iran. the influence of prevalent synoptic situations on the distribution of precipitation amounts needs to be understood, as well as their f...

This paper presents a hypothesis regarding the fundamental role of soil moisture conditions in land-atmosphere interactions. We propose that wet soil moisture conditions over any large region should be associated with relatively large boundary layer moist static energy, which favors the occurrence of more rainfall. Since soil moisture conditions themselves reflect past occurrence of rainfall, t...