The developmental emergence of associative learning in rodents is determined by interactions among sensory, motor, and associative systems that are engaged in a particular experimental preparation (Carter & Stanton, 1996; Hunt & Campbell, 1997; Rudy, 1992). In fear conditioning, chemosensory, auditory, and visual cues emerge successively as effective conditional stimuli (CS) during postnatal on...

In 2 experiments, humans received sequences of patterns that were similar (AX-->BX, AY-->BY, AZ-->BZ) or dissimilar (CX-->DY, CY-->DZ, CZ-->DX). The patterns were portrayed as bugs that could be eliminated with 2 insecticide sprays (red or blue). Either spray eliminated bugs with Features A and C, and participants learned by trial and error to use one spray (e.g., red) to eliminate bugs with Fe...

An increasing number of empirical phenomena that were previously interpreted as a result of cognitive control, turn out to reflect (in part) simple associative-learning effects. A prime example is the proportion congruency effect, the finding that interference effects (such as the Stroop effect) decrease as the proportion of incongruent stimuli increases. While this was previously regarded as s...

Associative accounts of the etiology of phobias have been criticized because of numerous cases of phobias in which the client does not remember a relevant traumatic event (i.e., Pavlovian conditioning trial), instructions, or vicarious experience with the phobic object. In three lick suppression experiments with rats as subjects, we modeled an associative account of such fears. Experiment 1 ass...

Recent advances in associative memory design through structured pattern sets and graph-based inference algorithms allow reliable learning and recall of exponential numbers of patterns. Though these designs correct external errors in recall, they assume neurons compute noiselessly, in contrast to highly variable neurons in hippocampus and olfactory cortex. Here we consider associative memories w...

learning ability and memory duration are two inseparable factors which can increase theefficiency of a living organism during its lifetime. trichgramma brassice bezdenko (hym.:trichogrammatidae) is a biological control agent widely used against different pest species.this research was conducted to study the olfactory associative learning ability and memoryduration of t. brassicae under laborato...

Abstract The effect of relatedness proportion (the percentage of related words in a list) on associative priming was investigated in two masked priming experiments. In Experiment 1, subjects were randomly assigned to either a high (80%) or low (20%) relatedness proportion condition and performed a lexical decision task. Semantically related and unrelated primes were briefly flashed (50 ms) befo...

A probabilistic association task that manipulated the necessity to temporarily store information was combined with the recording of event-related potentials. In Experiment 1, scores obtained from a positive schizotypy scale were used to categorize participants as either low or high schizotypal individuals. Low, but not high, schizotypal individuals displayed evidence for selective associative l...

One important component underlying lexical extension, categorization and induction tasks is the ability to flexibly attend to different dimensions in a variety of contexts. Flexible behaviors are well documented in young children, and it is often argued that (a) associations and associative mechanisms are too unconstrained to allow for such flexibility and (b) flexibility requires conceptual kn...