Climate action pledges have increasingly taken the form of commitments to net carbon neutrality. Higher education institutions (HEIs) are uniquely positioned innovate in this area, and over 800 United States (U.S.) colleges universities pledged achieve We examine approaches 11 U.S. HEIs that already announced achieving neutrality, highlighting risks associated with treating offsets, unbundled r...

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved cellular process found in all eukaryotic cells to play roles in cell growth, development, homeostasis and innate immunity. In autophagy, sequestration of cytosolic contents initiates with the development of a phagophore that grows into an autophagosome while enclosing a portion of the cytosol. The completed autophagosome fuses with a lysosome to form autol...

•A “responsible development” approach to nature restoration minimizes land-use change•We assess the responsible potential for land removals at 103 GtC over century•Land cannot be scaled up quickly enough noticeably reduce peak global temperatures•Nature is crucial but offset fossil fuel emissions net zero Growing commitments net-zero by 2050 achieve Paris Agreement goals are a welcome step forw...

The technical innovations of precise numerical radiometry, spectral differentiation and seasonally repetitive monitoring, introduced by the Landsat system, have created a new measurement approach to terrestrial monitoring. The Landsat-7 mission reflects significant progress in realizing the scientific potential of this measurement strategy. Substantial improvements in calibration procedures, bo...