preparation of 2-chlorobenzonitrile, and benzonitrile are reported here from the corresponding 2-chlorobenzaldehyde and benzaldehyde by the reaction of ammonium hydroxide/vpo titania, vpo bulk (ammonium metavanadate) cucr catalyst/air system in methanol. all these catalysts showed better conversions with reasonable selectivity to aromatic. the results prove that bet surface area results show vp...

The high elevation and considerable length of the Transantarctic Mountains have led to speculation about their origin. To date, no model has been able to adequately reconcile the juxtaposition of the high, curvilinear Transantarctic Mountains with the adjacent West Antarctic Rift System, a broad region of thin extended continental crust exhibiting wide rift characteristics. We present a fi rst-...

Knowledge development in an enterprise is about approaches, methods, techniques and tools, which will support the advancement of individual and organisational knowledge for the purpose of an improvement of businesses. As a basis, conceptions of knowledge and of knowledge conversions are needed. Here knowledge dynamics is understood to cover all of acquisition, conversion, transfer and usage of ...

Commuting conversions were introduced in the natural deduction calculus as ad hoc devices for the purpose of guaranteeing the subformula property in normal proofs. In a well known book, Jean-Yves Girard commented harshly on these conversions, saying that ‘one tends to think that natural deduction should be modified to correct such atrocities.’ We present an embedding of the intuitionistic predi...

Gene conversion can have a profound impact on both the short- and long-term evolution of genes and genomes. Here, we examined the gene families that are located on the X-chromosomes of human (Homo sapiens), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), mouse (Mus musculus) and rat (Rattus norvegicus) for evidence of gene conversion. We identified seven gene families (WD repeat protein family, Ferritin Heavy Ch...

Abstract Lithospheric deformation is a fundamental process in plate tectonics. It is, therefore, critical to determine how the lithosphere responds geological loads better understand tectonic processes. The can be modelled as flexure of thin, elastic over long-term (> 10 5 yr) timescales. partial differential equation for an orthotropic used indirectly calculate theoretical admittance and co...

A simple, highly efficient and green procedure for the condensation of o-phenylenediamines with 1, 2-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of vitamin C, as an inexpensive organocatalyst, is described. Using this method, variety of quinoxaline derivatives with different electron releasing and electron withdrawing substituents, are produced in high to excellent yields at room temperature in ethano...

Audio watermarking has played an important role in multimedia security. In many applications using audio watermarking, D/A and A/D conversions (denoted by DA/AD in this paper) are often involved. In previous works, however, the robustness issue of audio watermarking against the DA/AD conversions has not drawn sufficient attention yet. In our extensive investigation, it has been found that the d...

[1] Admittance estimates from line-of-sight (LOS) acceleration profiles of the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft are used to constrain the mean crustal thickness and surface density centered on the hemispheric dichotomy, from 110 E to 220 E, 40 S to 20 N. Models with uniform crustal properties predict lower than expected bulk crustal densities. Two-layer models with loading only at the surface an...