This paper discusses implications of the convergence of legal and organizational issues in the context of developing and implementing digital government projects in large urban settings. By the convergence of legal and organizational issues we refer to two important aspects of urban government: (1) the close relationship between legal/policy structures and the way government is organized and fu...

high speed intercity passenger rail is an inherently strong railway application. it operates over 250 km/hour. for perspective, high-speed represents the ultimate development of preexisting standard gauge infrastructure. network of high-speed passenger rail lines aimed at reducing accident, reducing traffic congestion, air pollution cutting national dependence on foreign oil and improving rural...

Due to increasing importance of desertification challenges and its consequences the necessity of sustainabledevelopment achievement in arid and semi-arid regions is essential in order to avoid limited sources asting, increase the efficiency of controlling, reclamation and restoration projects of natural areas. Based on the iterature review, it has been recognized that combating desertification ...

while risk reduction has been mainly addressed by seismologists and engineers by now, the total impact of earthquake greatly depends on urban planning factors. the effects of planning can be considered in the socio economic and physical aspects. urban planning may have a dominant role in various earthquake phases: at the time of earthquake; rescue, and emergency, as well as temporary and perman...

Multicentre randomised trials are complex projects with many operational uncertainties. The embedding of a formal check upon study progress and viability at a pre-specified time point (sometimes referred to as an 'internal pilot') is becoming increasingly common within multicentre pragmatic randomised trials. However, it is worth considering this practice. We argue that most, if not all, multic...

INTRODUCTION The Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program is designed to encourage active and safe transportation for children to school. This report examines the potential broader impact of these programs on communities within 0.5 mile (0.8 km) of schools. METHODS We used a geographic information system to generate estimates of the land area within 0.5 mile of public schools in 4 U.S. Census-def...

This study explores the role of urban design in the successes and failures of modern multifamily housing developments. Similar housing developments, which are high-rise multi-family apartments laid out in super-blocks, have been implemented around the world. However, their results have been polarized despite their similar urban design elements. To shed light on the contribution of design elemen...