The collected works of English mathematics educator, Mary Boole, might be invaluable for education and curriculum research that attempts to understand the question: “what counts as knowing?” Even though it was written before 1916, Boole’s work allows curriculum researchers and teacher educators interested in the question to experience a significant shift in thinking. For example, in the followi...

the written works of ibn bābawayh (shaykh ṣadūq), head of the traditionists and the distinguished figure of shī‘ī ḥadīth in fourth/tenth century, had amounted to 300 books and treatises. a proficient scholar, he has standards and criteria in the field of ḥadīth in general and in criticizing ḥadīth in particular that incorporate approaches and patterns as a guide map and a role model. in order t...

one of the most important fields in international relations discipline is the study of international organizations. indeed, the rise of international and regional organizations in last decades causes a pervasive controversy among western scholars. but among iranian scholars, we don't have any theoretical works on international organizations. this article attempt to investigate internationa...

Readers The challenge of understanding reading comprehension derives, in part, from the difficulty of defining its borders. Comprehension was defined by the Research and Development (RAND) Reading Study Group (RRSG, 2002) as ‘‘the process of simultaneously constructing and extracting meaning through interaction and engagement with print.’’ This definition was intended to signal the importance o...

revolution related art, the holy defense and related concepts have dedicated an important part of the iranian contemporary art to themselves during the past three decades. iraj eskandari, painter and academic member of the tehran university of arts, is one of the prolific contemporary artists in iran; his works are blended with the experience of life during wartime and reflects a set of realist...

this article considers all the mulla sadra’s proofs of primacy of existence (asalat al-wujud) found in all his works‚ and concludes that sadra has two approaches in his arguments: (1) to prove the primacy of existence through negation of original attributes from quiddity (mahiyyah), (2) to refute the primacy of quiddity through indirect proof. at the end‚ we conclude that the first approach and...