In 1396 (798/799), two hundred years before Vesalius, the Persian author Mans: ur ibn Muh:ammad ibn Ah:mad ibn Y usuf ibn Faq h Ily as composed a treatise on anatomy entitled Tas:r h: -i Mans: ur that summarized many of the observations of Galen. It was not the first such treatise to be composed in the Islamic world, but it was the first to be accompanied by drawings of the human body in anatom...

Akıl İslam düşünce geleneğinde geçmişten günümüze önemini korumuş, epistemoloji ve ontolojinin konusu olmuş, kelam, felsefe tasavvufun ortak kavramı olarak her zaman tartışılmış bir kavram güncelliğini korumaktadır. felsefesi özelinde bakıldığında özellikle Fârâbî akıl konusunda sudûr teorisi ekseninde ontolojiyi ile harmanlanmış şekilde aklı izah etmeye çalışmıştır. İbn Sînâ diğer konularda ol...

BACKGROUND Genetic engineering with luciferase reporter genes allows monitoring Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.) infections in mice by in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Until recently, luminescent T.b. models were based on Renilla luciferase (RLuc) activity. Our study aimed at evaluating red-shifted luciferases for in vivo BLI in a set of diverse T.b. strains of all three subspecies, including so...

The relationship between the urban and rural world is examined here from the standpoint of the role of local leaders and their retinues of armed men, their impact on the cities and the impact of the cities on them. In periods of state weakness or disintegration, Afghan cities were unable to resist the ‘solidarity groups’ which had coagulated in the countryside under the pressure of constant con...

prominent topic, with further contributions in physics, astronomy, mechanics, cosmology, and psychology. The questions addressed largely consist of the puzzles of the curious layman (e.g. why is the sky sometimes red, how do flies stick to walls, etc.), presented in the style of the Greek problemata literature. The arguments offered in response are, as one would expect, essentially Aristotelian...

The rise of the phenomenon bus companies competing with each other and gaverise to various strategies win their competitive advantage. For this reason, study aimsto investigate analyze a number factors that cause competitiveness such as quality ofservice, technology information systems knowledge management on competitiveadvantages companies. population research sample are all companiesbetween c...

provides us with several answers. First, in recent decades there has been a revival of homeopathic medicine, especially in Germany. The renewed popularity among patients of homeopathic remedies must at least in part be attributed to dissatisfaction with "scientific medicine", the elite of which seems primarily interested in modem medicine's technical tools; as Roy Porter put it in his perceptiv...

BACKGROUND Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi, known as Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288 AD), was a Muslim Syrian physician primarily famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood. The most voluminous of his books is Alshamel fi Sana'at tebbi'at, which is a comprehensive medical encyclopedia. It comprised 300 volumes of notes, from which only ...

A novel bacterial strain, designated ANL-iso2(T), was obtained from an enrichment culture inoculated with a mixture of soda lake sediments by using isobutyronitrile (iBN) as the carbon, energy and nitrogen source at pH 10. The enrichment resulted in a stable binary culture containing iBN-degrading Gram-positive rods and a satellite Gram-negative gammaproteobacterium Marinospirillum sp. strain (...