Healing of wound involves a series of overlapping phases, including homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The inflammation is accompanied by edema, pain, redness and leukocytic infiltration as neutrophils, macrophages and fibroblasts that were considered as minor sources of the cytokine[1,2]. The healing process in full-thickness wounds includes coagulation, inflammation, fo...

The main goal in formulating animal feeds is to supply nutrients in amounts and relative proportions that optimize performance. This is particularly important with respect to amino acids (AA), as the feed ingredients used to supply AA are often expensive. Furthermore, any AA supplied in excess is deaminated and the resulting nitrogen excreted, thus posing a potential environmental problem. Beca...

Here, I provide a guide for those new to the burgeoning field of animal welfare science as to what this comprehensive, relatively young discipline is all about. Drawing on all branches of biology, including behavioural ecology and neuroscience, the science of animal welfare asks three big questions: Are animals conscious? How can we assess good and bad welfare in animals? How can we use science...

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D-dimer is a protein fragment consisted with two cross linked D domains from an original fibrinogen. It produced from the cleavage of cross-linked fibrin by plasmin in fibrinolysis process during thrombosis formation. Thrombosis occludes both arteries and veins which are the worldwide underlying leading cause of death. Merely, in the United States, more than 2,000 patients die each day for clot...

The Cooperative Extension Service offers its programs to all eligible persons regardless of race, color, national origin, religion, gender, age, disability, marital or veteran status, or any other legally protected status, and is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. Laminitis is a painful lameness condition that can affect any breed of horse or pony. Although the exact mechanics of...

To investigate long-term trends of animal use, the EU animal use statistics from the 15 countries that have been in the EU since 1995 plus respective data from Switzerland were analyzed. The overall number of animals used for scientific purposes in these countries, i.e., about 11 million/year, remained relatively constant between 1995 and 2011, with net increases in Germany and the UK and net d...

1 Animal Scientist, D.Sc., Adjunct Professor, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, ViçosaMG, 36571-000, CNPq and INCT-Ciência Animal researcher ([email protected]) 2 Animal Scientist, D.Sc., Titular Professor, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil, 36571-000, CNPq and INCT-Ciência Animal researcher ([email protected]) 3 Agronomy Engi...