in his observations of pathology as in any other aspect of the anatomy of human or animal organs. It is natural that those producing this book should be enthusiastic about the great achievements of Leonardo da Vinci. This has been expressed by presenting him in the guise of a modern anatomist and physiologist. Inclusion of a section on endocrinology however overstresses the point. Of endocrinol...

abstract introduction: today, there is a global tendency to teaching anatomy courses at the same time with clinical skills during medical education period. this project was designed to determine the effect of an integrated course of physical examination and trunk anatomy on second year medical students' knowledge of anatomy and their attitude towards this method of learning anatomy. method...

For the purposes of teaching anatomy, use cadaver preparations is considered most efficient way ensuring that students retain knowledge. Nevertheless, in Ecuador animal specimens universities must comply with internationally accepted principles replacement, reduction and refinement (3Rs). Plastination an alternative technique which allows organs to be conserved long term complies 3Rs. The objec...

Most cases of Parkinson's disease (PD) are sporadic. When choosing an animal model for idiopathic PD, one must consider the extent of similarity or divergence between the physiology, anatomy, behavior, and regulation of gene expression between humans and the animal. Rodents and nonhuman primates are used most frequently in PD research because when a Parkinsonian state is induced, they mimic man...

Experimental animal models have an important place in medical research for the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of the ocular diseases in humans. The aim of using animal models in ocular experiments is to achieve the easiness in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the diseases and to determine the specific treatment protocols for the diseases. Currently, a numb...

Infection of the internal umbilical remnants is a common problem in neonatal foals. Accurate diagnosis and monitoring response to medical therapy requires knowledge of the ultrasonographic technique, anatomy, and dimensions of normal structures. Authors’ addresses: Department of Large Animal Medicine, P.O. Box 100136 (Franklin) and Department of Radiology, P.O. Box 100102 (Ferrell), College of ...

Utility and limitations of animal models for the functional validation of human sequence variants Timothy C. Cox Department of Pediatrics (Division of Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Uni...

INTRODUCTION: Clinical studies of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), a pressure-induced neuropathy of the median nerve, are limited by the difficulty of evaluating the early stages of pathology. Thus, a validated animal model of CTS is an important need. A proper animal model would have comparable anatomy to the human carpal tunnel. In addition, because carpal tunnel syndrome is characterized by inc...