Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, the commonest being Candida albicans. The incidence varies depending on age and certain predisposing factors. There are three broad groupings consisting of acute candidiasis, chronic candidiasis, and angular cheilitis. Risk factors include impaired salivary gland function, drugs, ...

Nanophotonic waveguides are the building blocks of integrated photonics. To date, while quarter-wave plates (QWPs) are widely used as common components for a wide range of applications in free space, there are almost no reports of Integratable QWPs being able to manipulate the angular momentum (AM) of photons inside nanophotonic waveguides. Here, we demonstrate two kinds of Integratable QWPs re...

Syphilis has been coined "the great imitator" due to its extreme heterogeneity of presentation and mimicry of other conditions. Therefore, it is essential that physicians be familiar with the full spectrum of its manifestations. Syphilis may also lead to oral lesions that, occasionally, are unaccompanied by concomitant tegumentary findings. Such patients will pose unique diagnostic challenges. ...

BACKGROUND Early malnutrition is linked to poor cognition, but long-term effects have not been extensively examined and psychosocial confounds have not always been controlled. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that malnutrition at age 3 years will be associated with poorer cognitive ability at age 11 years independent of psychosocial confounds. DESIGN A prospective, longitudinal study of a b...

Results In the study population, 92.3% of individuals had acquired the infection through heterosexual contact. The mean age of infected males and females was 35±8 and 30±8 years respectively and the mean CD4 count in males and females was 385.53±226.76 and 284.36 ±278.28 cells/μL respectively (p<0.05). Patients having CD4 count < 200 (n=908) had more number of oral lesions than patients with CD...

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (PVS) is a triad of microcytic hypochromic anemia, atrophic glossitis, and esophageal webs or strictures. It is one of the syndromes associated with iron deficiency anemia. Symptoms resulting from anemia predominates the clinical picture, apart from the additional features such as glossitis, angular cheilitis, and dysphagia. Dysphagia is main clinical feature of PVS. PVS...

BACKGROUND The relationship between oral lesions arising from HIV infection and CD4/CD8 cell ratios is of relevance in clinical assessment of immune suppression. OBJECTIVE To correlate the prevalence of oral manifestations arising from HIV infection and the levels of CD4/CD8 cell ratios. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS Two hun...