BACKGROUND To address the impact that out-of-pocket prices may have on medication use, it is vital to understand how the demand for medications may be affected when patients are faced with changes in the price to acquire treatment and how price responsiveness differs across medication classes.  OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of cost-sharing changes on the demand for 8 classes of prescription...

the serious obstacles to improve water supply, has caused world debates, seeking some solutions to tackle the problem of shortages in water supply. t. therefore, programs and policies have focused mainly on appropriate pricing approachof. since the water industry in iran has been monopolized by the government, an effective pricing approach is assumed to maximize the social welfare with consider...

This paper develops the Latent Symmetric Elasticity Structure (LSES), a market share price elasticity model which allows elasticities to be decomposed into two components: a symmetric substitution index revealing the strength of competition between brand pairs, and a brand-specific coefficient revealing the overall impact of a brand on its competitors. An application of the model to unconstrain...

Objective To assess how raising cigarette excise taxes in Peru might impact cigarette consumption, and to determine if higher taxes would be regressive. Methods Total demand price elasticity was estimated by income groups using two datasets: quarterly time-series data from 1993 - 2012 and data from a cross-sectional survey of income and expenses conducted in 2008 - 2009 . A functional form of...

consumption of dairy products in terms of the health and economic terms is very important. the analysis of consumer behavior can help to take policies consistent and correct in this regard. in this study the demand for milk, yogurt and cheese was estimated by using time series data related to 1984-2009 in the framework of the idea of an almost ideal demand system. the results showed that all of...

The evaluation of the impact of an increase in gasoline tax on demand relies crucially on the estimate of the price elasticity. This paper presents an extended application of the Partially Linear Additive Model (PLAM) to the analysis of gasoline demand using a panel of US households, focusing mainly on the estimation of the price elasticity. Methodologically, we propose a root-n consistent esti...

But does poverty affect the way people feel, think, and act? This seems like an obvious question, and indeed, it is neither new nor mine: over the centuries, scientists, policymakers, and writers have asked whether poverty has psychological and behavioral consequences. Yet for many years, the question has been difficult to study because asking it has often been confused with blaming the poor fo...

sugar beet is an important crop from the point of production and consumption. in this case, fars province is one of the largest producers iniran. the purpose of this study was to determine the effective factors on sugar beet supply. accordingly, time series information of the crop was collected from 1990 to 2004 infarsprovince and were analyzed through nerlove partially adjustment model that is...

abstract: on december 2010, the government of iran ended the decades-long subsidy program for bread and energy products and launched the targeted subsidy reform program that considerably raised prices of food products. the objective of the study was to measure welfare impacts of food price changes on iranian urban households between two survey data of 2009/10 and 2011/12 which were taken from i...