There are a number of mathematical theorems in the literature on the dynamics of cosmological models with accelerated expansion driven by a positive cosmological constant Λ or a nonlinear scalar field with potential V (quintessence) which do not assume homogeneity and isotropy from the beginning. The aim of this paper is to generalize these results to the case of k-essence models which are defi...

Functional programmers from all horizons strive to use, and sometimes abuse, their favorite type system in order to capture the invariants of their programs. A widely-used tool in that trade consists in defining finely-indexed datatypes. Operationally, these types classify the programmer’s data, following the ML tradition. Logically, these types enforce the program invariants in a novel manner....

In the construction of a large software system, it is inevitable that some aspects of program behavior will cut across the structure of the code. The changes that are needed to support a new feature, for example, may be spread across several different points in the original program, making them harder to maintain and harder to reuse. The designers of “aspect-oriented” programming languages aim ...

ESSENCE is a hash function submitted to the NIST Hash Competition that stands out as a hardware-friendly and highly parallelizable design. Previous analysis showed some non-randomness in the compression function which could not be extended to an attack on the hash function and ESSENCE remained unbroken. Preliminary analysis in its documentation argues that it resists standard differential crypt...

D riving the rapid advance in knowledge of peptidebinding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is the prospect of predicting which peptides from foreign proteins are likely to be antigenic, and thus effective immunogens in vivo. Despite the numerous peptides that theoretically could be generated from a foreign protein, in practice cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) focus upon just a f...

P N Rastogi is Professor of Sociology, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. The success of any organization depends on its leadership. Although a good deal of research has been done on leadership, it is difficult to say what it is. Recent research classifies leaders broadly into two types: transactional and transforming (Burns, 1978). In t...

We present a model independent method of reconstructing the Lagrangian for the k-essence field driving the present acceleration of the universe. We consider the simplest k-essence model for which the potential is constant. Later we use three parametrizations for the Hubble parameter H(z), consistent with recent the SN1a data, to yield the Lagrangian F . Our reconstruction program does not gener...

In most industries, ranging from information systems development to construction, an overwhelming proportion of projects are delayed beyond estimated completion time. This fact constitutes somewhat of a puzzle for existing theory. The present paper studies project delays and optimal contracts under moral hazard in a setting with time to build. Within this setup, project delays are found to be m...

Set theoretic essences of knowledge and of its associatedness are considered. A concept of microset is being used for this purpose and levels of microelements that appear in different directions are being considered. Associatedness of knowledge is defined on the basis of the associatedness of sets. It is demonstrated that associations of knowledge create equivalence classes in the semantic syst...

background & aim: german chamomile is one of the most important medicinal plants. so, assessment of genetic diversity and relationship among the traits are very essential in chamomile breeding programs. determination of the best indirect selection criteria for genetic improvement of essence percent and dry flower yield of german chamomile (matricaria chamomilla l.) populations was investiga...