climate change phenomenon is an important environmental challenge of the world that has increased its speed with the increasing extension of greenhouse gases and remote relationship phenomena. changes in precipitation level, drought occurrence and in the level of surface and groundwater resources are the recognized consequences of climate change. in order to study climate change phenomenon cons...

GDP growth is often measured poorly for countries and rarely measured at all for cities or subnational regions. We propose a readily available proxy: satellite data on lights at night. We develop a statistical framework that uses lights growth to augment existing income growth measures, under the assumption that measurement error in using observed light as an indicator of income is uncorrelated...

We describe the structure and present situation of the Chinese healthcare system and discuss its primary problems and challenges. We discuss problems with inefficient burden sharing, adverse provider incentives and huge inequities, and seek explanations in the structural features of the Chinese healthcare system. The current situation will be further challenged in the future by an aging populat...

Whether or not a household is counted among the poor depends upon its annual money income. As a measure of economic status, however, annual money income has serious limitations. In this paper an alternative indicator of economic status, called earnings capacity, is developed. Earnings capacity is designed to measure the ability of a living unit to generate an income stream if it were to use its...

BACKGROUND Specialty, work effort, and gender have been shown to be associated with physicians' annual incomes; however, careful examination of the association between provider gender and annual income after correcting for other factors likely to influence income has not been conducted for anesthesiologists. METHODS Survey responses collected throughout the 1990s from 819 actively practicing ...

BACKGROUND To illustrate the burden of high cigarette excise taxes on low-income smokers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using data from the New York and national Adult Tobacco Surveys from 2010-2011, we estimated how smoking prevalence, daily cigarette consumption, and share of annual income spent on cigarettes vary by annual income (less than $30,000; $30,000-$59,999; and more than $60,000)...

BACKGROUND Having children creates career interruptions and reductions in labor income for women. This study documents the relation between the age at first birth (AFB) and women's labor income. We study these dynamics in the short run (i.e. ratio between labor income at AFB and two years prior to AFB) and long run (i.e., positive/negative differences in total lifetime labor income). METHODS ...

OBJECTIVES  To estimate differences in annual income of physicians in the United States by race and sex adjusted for characteristics of physicians and practices. DESIGN  Cross sectional survey study. SETTING  Nationally representative samples of US physicians. PARTICIPANTS  The 2000-13 American Community Survey (ACS) included 43 213 white male, 1698 black male, 15 164 white female, and 12...

This paper studies the reasons for low levels of child support paid by non-custodial divorced fathers. When mothers remarry, some financial burden of raising their children shifts from fathers to step-fathers. This provides an incentive for the father to encourage mother’s remarriage through the use of strategically picked payment level. Assuming father’s income is to some degree unobservable b...