We introduce a novel amortization technique for computation of consecutive preimages of hash chains, given knowledge of the seed. While all previously known techniques have a memorytimes-computational complexity of O(n) per chain element, the complexity of our technique can be upper bounded at O(log n), making it a useful primitive for low-cost applications such as authentication, signatures an...

Mortgage-backed securities differ from corporate and government bonds in that their cash flows cannot be estimated with certainty, since homeowners often prepay their mortgages. Prepayments may include sale of the property, refinancing, curtailments, or liquidation of the property due to foreclosure. Standard fixed-income measurements, which allow investors to compare different types of bonds, ...

Let f be a univariate polynomial with real coefficients, f ∈ R[X]. Subdivision algorithms based on algebraic techniques (e.g., Sturm or Descartes methods) are widely used for isolating the roots of f in a given interval. In this paper, we consider subdivision algorithms based on purely numerical primitives such as function evaluation. Such methods have adaptive complexity, are local, and are al...

EBITDA means earnings before (deduction of ) interest, taxation, depreciation and amortization. Many financiers and press reporters use EBITDA in a ratio with enterprise value, EV (Market value of equity + market value of debt minus surplus cash (cash not needed in the annual operations of the business)). It is compared to Enterprise Value (―EV‖), rather than equity value, because it includes t...

The purpose of the article is to study process obtaining audit evidence and methods their evaluation in context application International Auditing Standards. defines concept evidence. main requirements for are characterized (acceptability as a measure quality evidence; sufficiency amount evidence). content international standards, which determine procedure collecting (IAS 500, IAS 501, 505, 520...

extended abstract 1. introduction rural areas are environments that consist of different multiple sources and villagers use many assets and resources that shape their livelihood procedure. however, in most cases, incomplete and unconscious usage of sources is more destructive than uncontrolled industrial exploitation. for this reason, nowadays, rural poverty due to excessive pressure on resourc...