In today’s competitive business situation, the supplier frequently offers his or her retailers a permissible delay period ( i.e. , trade credit) to stimulate sales. addition, capacity of any warehouse is limited in practice, thus retailer needs an additional rented (RW) store excess units when order quantity exceeds own (OW). Furthermore, with globalization marketing policy, may provide discoun...

We investigate an automobile supply chain where a manufacturer and a retailer serve heterogeneous consumers with electric vehicles (EVs) under a government’s price-discount incentive scheme that involves a price discount rate and a subsidy ceiling. We show that the subsidy ceiling is more effective in influencing the optimal wholesale pricing decision of the manufacturer with a higher unit prod...

An inventory model of deteriorating seasonal products with Maximum Retail Price (MRP) for a wholesaler having showrooms at different places under a single management system is considered under random business periods with fuzzy resource constraints. The wholesaler replenishes the products instantaneously and earns commissions on MRP which vary with the ordered quantities following All Unit Disc...

We investigate an automobile supply chain where a manufacturer and a retailer serve heterogeneous consumers with electric vehicles (EVs) under a government’s price-discount incentive scheme that involves a price discount rate and a subsidy ceiling. We show that the subsidy ceiling is more effective in influencing the optimal wholesale pricing decision of the manufacturer with a higher unit prod...

The inventory models analyzed in this paper explore the problem in which the lead time and ordering cost reductions are inter-dependent in the continuous review inventory model with backorder price discount. The objective is to minimize total related cost by simultaneously optimizing the order quantity, reorder point, lead time and backorder price discount. Moreover, we assume that the mean and...

To attract and keep customers, companies, especially those in e-business, are increasingly offering free shipping to buyers whose order sizes exceed the free shipping quantity. In this paper, given the supplier offers free shipping and the retailer faces stochastic demand, we determine the retailer’s (i.e., the newsvendor’s) optimal order quantity and the optimal selling price simultaneously. W...

Many extension of the newsboy problem have been solved in the literature. One of those extensions solves a newsboy problem with stochastic initial inventory, earlier extensions have focused on quantity discounts offered by suppliers. An important practical extension would address a combination of the two pervious extensions. In this paper we consider a newsboy problem in which the suppliers off...

The number of retailers who directly deal with poultry farmers recently increases in Japan. It therefore becomes necessary for the poultry farmers to deliver products to the retailers frequently in accordance with the retailers’ demand. The poultry farmer’s inventory level increases due to the increase in the weight of the fowls, but at the same time, it decreases due to loss of the commercial ...

This paper investigates the relationship between price discrimination and vertical product differentiation, using National Brands and Private Labels in the Carbonated Soft Drink market as a case study. We decompose prices difference into quantity discount and cost difference across packagings and recover marginal cost by a structural demand model of consumer preference and firm behavior. Our re...

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all sectors of the world’s economy and society. Firms need to have disaster recovery business sustainability plans be able generate profits in order develop. Trade credit may a good way for firms free up cash flow finance short-term growth. Extensions payment will provide with low-cost loans under guarantee scheme. Implementation hybrid trade activities been s...