Retro-aldol reactions have been implicated as the limiting steps in catalytic routes to convert biomass-derived hexoses and pentoses into valuable C2, C3, and C4 products such as glycolic acid, lactic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-butenoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid, and alkyl esters thereof. Due to a lack of efficient retro-aldol catalysts, most previous investigations of catalytic pathways involvin...

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that is produced by chemically reacting vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as ethanol or methanol in the presence of catalyst. The growing interest in biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester or FAME) is because of the similarity of its properties when comparing with diesel fuel. Karanja (Pongamia pinnata), which is one of the source o...

Since the discovery of ruthenium as a catalyst for hydrogenation reactions, Ru catalysts have been widely used in the chemical, petrochemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries, and in energy-conversion technologies. The scope of homogeneous Ru catalysts has been well-illustrated recently. However, heterogeneous catalysts can be preferable from both industrial and environmental perspectives. ...

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) can be applied as a greener alternative to more hazardous materials, e.g. phosgene or dimethyl sulfate. Herein, one-pot synthesis of DMC from propylene oxide, methanol and CO2 using alkali halide catalysts under mild conditions was studied. Addition Zn powder the K2CO3-NaBr-ZnO catalyst system seen increase selectivity 19.8% (TOF = 39.0 h?1) 40.2% 78.1 at 20 bar 160 °C ...

Fe (2 wt%)-Cu (1.5 wt%)-ZSM-5 SCR catalyst contacted 1.5 wt% of Na and 1.8 K in order to simulate poisoning by species more specifically contained exhaust gases from diesel engines power plants. Poisoning agents do not cause loss surface area nor pore occlusion. XRD SEM results showed that alkali metals introduction did deteriorate the crystallinity morphology zeolite crystals. However, a signi...

One-pot deoxygenation of kraft lignin to aromatics and hydrocarbons fuel-range quality is a promising way improve its added value. Since most the commercially resourced lignins are impure (Na, S, K, Ca, etc., present as impurities), effect these impurities on activity catalyst critical was scrutinized in this study using NiMoS/Al2O3 catalyst. The removal from indicated that they obstructed depo...

In this Review, we discuss catalytic systems for soot combustion. The focus is on alkali-containing materials since they exhibit the most promising and platinum group metal (PGM) free solutions, providing highly efficient catalysts at a low price. wide range of experimental conditions used catalyst evaluation parameters commonly to compare different was scrutinized. presented synthetic summary ...

Summarization of electronic discussion fora is a unique challenge; techniques that work startlingly well on monolithic documents tend to fare poorly in this informal setting. Additionally, conventional techniques ignore much of the structures that have the potential to serve as valuable features in the summarization task. We present several novel examples of such features, including the catalys...