BACKGROUND Since the introduction of the orphan drugs legislation in Europe, it has been suggested that the general method of assessing drugs for reimbursement is not necessarily suitable for orphan drugs. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence indicated that several criteria other than cost and efficacy could be considered in reimbursement decisions for orphan drugs. This st...

Timber supply has traditionally been modelled using aggregate data. In this paper, we build aggregate supply models for four roundwood products for the US state of North Carolina from a stand-level harvest choice model applied to detailed forest inventory. The simulated elasticities of pulpwood supply are much lower than reported by previous studies. Cross price elasticities indicate a dominant...

Recent scientific concerns to achieve sustainability in construction have suggested the implementation of using recycled aggregate in concrete because it has the potential to reduce the demand for extraction of natural raw materials and decrease the volume of wastes landfilled. In this respect, this study aims to investigate the suitability of using ceramic tile (CT) and ceramic sanitary (CS) w...

The current study focuses on two main goals. First, with the use of construction and demolition (C&D) of building materials, a new aggregate was produced and it was utilized for green concrete production. The compressive strength test confirmed the good function of C&DW aggregate concrete. This concrete did not show significant differences with natural sand concrete. Second, Backpropagation neu...

We derive conditions under which raising costs through a regulatory constraint or a fully expropriated tax can increase the profits arising from a common-pool resource. The basic model assumes a fixed number of identical agents with linear costs selling in a single period at an exogenous price. A necessary and sufficient condition for a cost increase to be profitable is that aggregate output fr...

The present paper offers a meso-scale numerical model to investigate the effects of random distribution of aggregate particles and steel fibers on the elastic modulus of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC). Meso-scale model distinctively models coarse aggregate, cementitious mortar, and Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) between aggregate, mortar, and steel fibers with their respective materi...

An aggregate game is a normal-form game with the property that each player’s payoff is a function only of his own strategy and an aggregate function of the strategy profile of all players. Aggregate games possess a set of purely algebraic properties that can often provide simple characterizations of equilibrium aggregates without first requiring that one solves for the equilibrium strategy prof...

An implication of the Coase theorem is that under certain conditions, the market equilibrium in a cap-and-trade system will be cost-effective and independent of the initial allocation of tradable rights. That is, the overall cost of achieving a given aggregate emission reduction will be minimized, and the final allocation of permits will be independent of the initial allocation. We call this th...

We compute the impulse response of output to an aggregate monetary shock in a general equilibrium when firms set prices subject to a costly observation of the state and a menu cost. We study how the aggregate effects of a monetary shock depend on the relative size of these costs. We find that empirically reasonable observations costs increase the impact and the persistence of the output respons...