Recent observations of stellar globular clusters in the Milky Way Galaxy, combined with revised ranges of parameters in stellar evolution codes and new estimates of the earliest epoch of globular cluster formation, result in a 95% confidence level lower limit on the age of the Universe of 11.2 billion years. This age is inconsistent with the expansion age for a flat Universe for the currently a...

It is shown that in cosmological models based on a vacuum energy decaying as a−2, where a is the scale factor of the universe, the fate of the universe in regard to whether it will collapse in the future or expand forever is determined not by the curvature constant k but by an effective curvature constant keff . It is argued that a closed universe with k = 1 may expand forever, in other words s...

in this study which was carried out in 1974 in isphahan, 3,000 married women between the ages of 15 to 44 who were the residents of the city of isphahan and a similar group of women who were residents of the villages surrounding the city were interviewed. results indicate that the average and the median of age at the first marriage had been increasing steadily since 1959 for the city women and ...

 module over a ring is a general mathematical concept for many examples of mathematicalobjects that can be added to each other and multiplied by scalar numbers.In this paper, we consider a module over a ring as a universe and by using the notion of reference points, we provide local approximations for  subsets of the universe.

There are three independent techniques for determining the age of the universe: via cosmochronology of long-lived radioactive nuclei, via stellar modelling and population synthesis of the oldest stellar populations, and, most recently, via the precision cosmology that has become feasible with the mapping of the acoustic peaks in the cosmic microwave background. We demonstrate that all three met...