BACKGROUND The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and breastfeeding has been extensively discussed in the literature. However, there is some evidence that this relationship can differ with immigration status. To date the majority of research investigating the relationships among SES, breastfeeding and immigration status has been conducted in Europe and the United States with a lack...

BACKGROUND Studies of the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy have reported inconsistent findings in relation to measures of offspring cognitive functioning. Few studies, however, have examined learning outcomes in adolescents, as opposed to IQ. AIM To examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and academic performance among adolescent offspring. STUDY DESIGN...

Gemini is a cohort study of young twins in the United Kingdom designed to assess genetic and environmental influences on early childhood weight trajectories with a focus on infant appetite and the family environment. A total of 2402 families with twins born in England and Wales between March and December 2007 agreed to participate and returned completed baseline questionnaires. The sample inclu...

BACKGROUND During the past 25 years, many pregnancy and birth cohorts have been established. Each cohort provides unique opportunities for examining associations of early-life exposures with child development and health. However, to fully exploit the large amount of available resources and to facilitate cross-cohort collaboration, it is necessary to have accessible information on each cohort an...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Women with preeclampsia have increased risk of developing ESRD. This study assessed whether this can be explained by preeclampsia itself or by familial aggregation of common risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Since 1967, the Medical Birth Registry of Norway has registered data on all births in the country. By linkage with the Norwegian Popula...

OBJECTIVE To examine the relation between birth weight and measured intelligence at age 7 years in children within the normal range of birth weight and in siblings. DESIGN Cohort study of siblings of the same sex. SETTING 12 cities in the United States. SUBJECTS 3484 children of 1683 mothers in a birth cohort study during the years 1959 through 1966. The sample was restricted to children ...

BACKGROUND We investigate patterns of neurodevelopmental trajectories in infants, using a representative population, and identify risk factors that predict delayed growth. METHODS Participating infants (n = 952; 82.8% of the total sample) were assessed by Mullen Scales of Early Learning at seven time points, from 1 month to 24 months of age. Mothers were recruited in early pregnancy and data ...

OBJECTIVE This study prospectively assessed the association between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive ability of young children, while accounting for confounding factors. METHODS The study included 236 children born between 1990 and 1994 participating in a Dutch birth cohort study. Anthropometric data of the children at birth, 4, and 7 years of age were collected from growth records or meas...

BACKGROUND Maternal depressive symptoms are negatively associated with early child growth in developing countries; however, few studies have examined this relation in developed countries or used a longitudinal design with data past the second year of the child's life. We investigated if and when early maternal depressive symptoms affect average growth in young children up to age 6 in a national...

American adults had sex about nine fewer times per year in the early 2010s compared to the late 1990s in data from the nationally representative General Social Survey, N = 26,620, 1989-2014. This was partially due to the higher percentage of unpartnered individuals, who have sex less frequently on average. Sexual frequency declined among the partnered (married or living together) but stayed ste...