Morphogen gradients regulate the patterning and growth of many tissues, hence a key question is how they are established and maintained during development. Theoretical descriptions have helped to explain how gradient shape is controlled by the rates of morphogen production, spreading and degradation. These effective rates have been measured using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP...

BACKGROUND Macromolecule mobility is often quantified with Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP). Throughout literature a wide range of diffusion coefficients for GFP in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli (3 to 14 µm²/s) is reported using FRAP-based approaches. In this study, we have evaluated two of these methods: pulsed-FRAP and "conventional"-FRAP. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To address ...

Photoinhibited superresolution (PInSR) lithography is a two-color, one-photon scheme that promises high throughput far-field patterning at deep subwavelength scales. The technique requires that active species are confined for some minimum time to the illuminated area where they are generated. We investigate here the extent to which this condition is met for published materials. Using spatial an...

BACKGROUND To offer vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) in a hospital setting is recommended in international guidelines, but offering VBAC in out-of-hospital settings is considered controversial. This study describes neonatal and maternal outcomes in mothers who started labor in German out-of-hospital settings. METHOD In a retrospective analysis of German out-of-hospital data from 2005 to 20...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether a model to predict a failed endometrial biopsy in women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) and a thickened endometrium can reduce costs without compromising diagnostic accuracy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION Model based cost-minimization analysis. METHODS A decision analytic model was designed to compare two diagnostic strategies for women with PMB: (I) attem...

We seem to have spent the last few years reeling from assault after assault on the concept of normal birth. Have you wondered, as I have, what is going on? Why is our side of the story nowhere to be heard? Why, for example, isn't the rising cesarean rate—which translates into about half a million unnecessary major operations per year at a cost of over $1 billion to our health care system—consid...

This paper examines the emerging relationship between the US and Japan with respect to A r t i f i c i a l Intelligence and the signif icant trend towards US-Japan cooperative Al research and development. This trend is underscored by the increasing investment by both nations to develop massive 5th generation computer technology. The importance of the US and Japan's relationship is amplified by ...

Comment. Althoughhyphema isone of the most common early postoperative complications following trabeculectomy, to our knowledge, intralenticular collection of blood has not been previously reported. Because of the use of an operating microscope and the refinement of surgical techniques, lens injury during trabeculectomy has been infrequently reported. We hypothesized that there had been anterior...

Multi-fluorescence recovery after photobleaching is a microscopy technique used to measure the diffusion coefficient (or analogous transport parameters) of macromolecules, and can be applied to both in vitro and in vivo biological systems. Multi-fluorescence recovery after photobleaching is performed by photobleaching a region of interest within a fluorescent sample using an intense laser flash...

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) has been a versatile tool to study transport and reaction kinetics in live cells. Since the fluorescence data generated by fluorescence microscopy are in a relative scale, a wide variety of scalings and normalizations are used in quantitative FRAP analysis. Scaling and normalization are often required to account for inherent properties of diffus...