An increasing amount of high-resolution global spatial data are available, and used for various assessments. However, key economic and human development indicators are still mainly provided only at national level, and downscaled by users for gridded spatial analyses. Instead, it would be beneficial to adopt data for sub-national administrative units where available, supplemented by national dat...

There is a degree of uncertainty in the measurement and/or validation of national and sub-national economic data such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In some circumstances it can be very useful to have alternative measures of numbers like GDP to provide evidence for the validation or invalidation of claims of some nations or regions regarding their economic productivity. This research explores...

BACKGROUND The 5000 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's database affords an opportunity to research for variables related to the differences between nations of their output of schizophrenia trials. METHODS Ecological study--investigating the relationship between four economic/demographic variables and number of schizophrenia RCTs per country. The variable...

the non-enzymatic glycation of low density lipoprotein (ldl) is a naturally occurring chemical modification of apolipoprotein b as a result of condensation between lysine residues and glucose. glycated ldl is poorly recognized by ldl receptors and initiates different processes that can be considered proatherogenic. thus, ldl glycation may contribute in the increased atherosclerotic risk of pati...

The authors of the paper would like to apologize for the following errors contained in the original paper. 1. The exact Figure 1 in the original paper has to be corrected as Figure 1 in this paper. 2. References in the original paper have to be corrected by adding the following:vanced glycation end products cause epithelial-my-ofibroblast transdifferentiation via the receptor for advanced glyca...

Glycation, the nonenzymatic reaction between protein amino groups and reducing sugars, induces protein damage that has been linked to several pathological conditions, especially diabetes, and general aging. Here we describe the direct identification of a protein-bound free radical formed during early glycation of histone H1 in vitro. Earlier EPR analysis of thermal browning reactions between fr...

To investigate the contribution of glycation and oxidation reactions to the modification of insoluble collagen in aging and diabetes, Maillard reaction products were measured in skin collagen from 39 type 1 diabetic patients and 52 nondiabetic control subjects. Compounds studied included fructoselysine (FL), the initial glycation product, and the glycoxidation products, N epsilon-(carboxymethyl...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Tissue-advanced glycation end products (AGE) are a measure of cumulative metabolic stress. Assessment of tissue AGE by skin autofluoresence (AF) correlates well with cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study aimed to measure and compare tissue AGE levels in HD and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and to evaluate the impact of systemic PD glucos...