Abstract Investor accountability in international investment law (IIL) has been gaining increasing traction recent years. Most visibly, some states have included investor obligations their treaties, while others made them part of model treaties. While highly significant for the substance IIL, these duties need adequate procedural tools to enforce them. Otherwise, will be only decorative feature...

The workflow map development for an organization is a highly complex process. Therefore, the workflow map should be tested and validated before it is implemented (into a WfMS). Most current workflow systems deal with this validation issue by using simulation modules that “execute” the model and examine the possible problems before it is truly “executed” and implemented. Although these simulatio...

Large systems are built from smaller parts. We present a method for deducing properties of a system by reasoning about its components. We show how to represent an individual component Πi by a formula Si so that the parallel composition usually denoted cobegin Π1 ‖ . . . ‖Πn coend is represented by the formula S1 ∧ . . . ∧ Sn. Composition is conjunction. We reduce composition to conjunction not ...