Fish disease surveys form a part of many biological monitoring programmes in European marine waters. Prevalence patterns of infectious diseases within wild fish populations are strongly influenced by the acquisition of immunity in individual fish. Hence, the interpretation of observed prevalence patterns requires understanding of the role of acquired immunity and immunomodulation in disease pop...

The increased incidence of infection and malignancy in elderly individuals has prompted many studies that demonstrate that the aging immune system is impaired. Most of these studies have focused on the impairment of acquired immunity provided by lymphocytes. While defects in acquired humoral and T-cell-mediated immunity may exist, increased susceptibility to infection may result from defects in...