Background. The use of topical steroids on the skin of the face should be carefully evaluated by the dermatologist; however, its misuse still occurs producing dermatological problem resembling rosacea. Objectives. To report the different clinical manifestations of steroid dermatitis resembling rosacea and to discover causes behind abusing topical steroids on the face. Methods. In this prospecti...

The gut counts trillions of microorganisms, while the skin is covered with billions microbes, mostly bacteria, but also fungal, archaeal, and viral species that inhabit its appendages. microbiome a key regulator for immune system aims to maintain homeostasis by communicating tissues organs in bidirectional manner. A barrier disruption combination an imbalance and/ or correlated altered response...

Azelaic acid (AzA), a nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid, is an agent for the topical treatment of acne. It has also been shown to be effective in rosacea; however, the mechanism of action has not been clarified. Because inflammation is a common feature of both conditions, we investigated the effects of azelaic acid on the inflammatory response of normal human keratinocytes to ultraviolet B light, w...

BACKGROUND Brimonidine tartrate is a highly selective alpha 2 agonist that induces direct vasoconstriction of small arteries and veins, thereby reducing vasodilation and edema. OBJECTIVE To review the current literature regarding the safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of brimonidine 0.33% gel. METHODS A PubMed search was performed using the terms brimonidine 0.33% gel, rosacea, saf...

Cosmetic surgeons are often asked to evaluate and treat a host of different dermatologic diseases. Some conditions may fall outside the realm of what they see daily in their practice, as they are not very common. We were recently presented with a patient with rhinophyma, which is considered the most severe expression of acne rosacea. In its severe form, rhinophyma is quite disÞ guring and can l...

A vast diversity of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and arthropods, colonize the human skin. Culture-independent genomic approaches for identifying and characterizing microbial communities have provided glimpses into the topographical, temporal, and interpersonal complexity that defines the skin microbiome. Identification of changes associated with cutaneous disease, includi...

Enlarged facial pores remain a common dermatologic and cosmetic concern from acne and rosacea, among other conditions, that is difficult to treat due to the multifactorial nature of their pathogenesis and negative impact on patients' quality of life. Enlarged facial pores are primarily treated through addressing associative factors, such as increased sebum production and cutaneous aging. We rev...

A compromised skin barrier plays a major role in many dermatoses including irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, dry skin, aged skin, xerosis, rosacea, and acne [1–5]. Many of these conditions share common defects in the skin barrier and an association with inflammation [4,6]. The knowledge we have regarding specific lipid deficiencies, pH aberration, inflammation, irregu...

It is evident that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the pathophysiology of different inflammatory skin diseases. In this pilot study, we investigated the ability of very high frequency ultrasound—frequencies of approximately 10 MHz—to modulate the activity of MMPs in the skin in inflammatory skin diseases such as acne and rosacea. It was shown that such waves can significantly i...