A conversation has been going on for over 200 years that is not concluded (nor will this paper conclude it). Is it normatively appropriate to impose a condition of independence of irrelevant alternatives on choice or ordering rules? This paper reviews the conversation since it began in 1784. It sides with Arrow against Saari. The transparency of the Borda rule is simultaneously its theoretical ...

It is not uncommon for people to hold bizarre views. Sometimes, these views appear before the courts in mental capacity cases. Judges must then decide if are so that they constitute evidence of incapacity or, instead, those everyday sort do such evidence. The idea behind distinction can be false but, some important sense, unreasonable. But what should tip balance reasons a view count as severel...

concurrently, organizations must respond effectively to social expectations and moral law and to achieve success in all areas and by respecting professional ethics adopt an appropriate procedure to achieve these expectations align with organizational goals to facilitates promotion of social accountability and realization of higher goals. in this study, we have formulated a framework by reviewin...

this study examines the mediating role of sense of powerlessness on the relationship between the perception of accountability and citizenship participation among the students of university of tehran. lack of proper accountability can lead to a sense of powerlessness for students to influencing the processes and cause them no incentive to provide cooperation. accordingly, accountability variable...

BACKGROUND To achieve fair-coverage decision making, both material criteria and criteria of procedural justice have been proposed. The relationship between these is still unclear. OBJECTIVE To analyze hypotheses underlying the assumption that more assessment, transparency, and participation have a positive impact on the reasonableness of coverage decisions. METHODS We developed a structural...

OBJECTIVES For rare diseases it may be difficult to generate data from randomized trials to support funding of a drug. Enzyme replacement therapies for diseases of inherited metabolic enzyme deficiency provide an example of this dilemma. The Ontario Public Drug Programs convened the Drugs for Rare Diseases Working Group to develop a policy for assessing these drugs. METHODS The Drugs for Rare...

always, accountability has been a key concept in public administration; but accountability in street-level bureaucracies where people have a daily contact with bureaucrats is of particular importance. the police are among these organizations which their accountability plays a pivotal role in obtaining public trust. the purpose of this study, which was carried out in the police stations of the s...