Dogs were made hypoproteinemic by repeated injections of gum acacia, and the acacia injections were discontinued. Diets of varying protein content were then given. When a high protein diet is provided the plasma protein concentration increases; with a low protein diet, or under conditions of fasting, the plasma protein concentration diminishes. Similarly, plasma acacia concentration shows incre...

Three recent meta-analyses of protective plant-ant mutualisms report a surprisingly weak relationship between herbivore protection and measured demographic benefits to ant-plants, suggesting high tolerance for herbivory, substantial costs of ant-mediated defense, and/or benefits that are realized episodically rather than continuously. Experimental manipulations of protective ant-plant associati...

Digital technology in the form of a drying oven is used for process sample biomass fuel. There are 2 types used, namely Coconut Shell and Acacia tree branches. The as fuel oven. This study aims to analyze change temperature, humidity heat with various mass variations coconut shells acacia Mass 1000 gr, 1500 2000 2500 3500 gr. research begins by burning from first variation last variation. Furth...

Tree cover in savanna ecosystems is usually regarded as unstable, varying with rainfall, fire, and herbivory. In sub-Saharan Africa, elephants (Loxodonta africana) suppress tree cover, thereby maintaining landscape heterogeneity by promoting tree-grass coexistence. In the absence of elephants, tree encroachment may convert savannas into closed-canopy woodlands; when elephants increase in abunda...

We present experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that increased spine length in acacia species is a defense induced by herbivory. Acacia drepanolobium is the dominant tree over large areas of East Africa. Each individual tree is occupied by one of four ant species at our study site. Using two types of electric fences, we have effectively controlled herbivory by megaherbivores (elephan...

We measured browsing-induced responses of Acacia trees to investigate "browsing lawns" as an analogy to grazing lawns in a semiarid eutrophic African savanna. During the two-year field study, we measured plant tolerance, resistance, and phenological traits, while comparing variation in leaf nitrogen and specific leaf area (SLA) across stands of Acacia nigrescens, Miller, that had experienced ma...

We investigated differences in host infection by a desert mistletoe, Phoradendron californicum, and examined one of the processes that contributes to these differences: variation in seed deposition among host individuals and species. In the Sonoran Desert, P. californicum parasitizes the sympatric leguminous trees Olneya tesota, Cercidium microphyllum, Prosopis elutina, Acacia constricta, and A...

Individual-based modelling and analysis of forest experiments has been made more accessible to researchers with the advent of modelling environments like Simile from Simulistics.com. Individual-based analyses of tree growth data offer insights not possible with plot-based analyses, especially when the original experimental design has been compromised by mortality or other unforeseen events. The...

in order to study the effect of afforestation in reduction oil pollution, one planted area in dezful, affected by pollutions from kuwaiti oil-wells burning was employed. six species, eucalyptus camaldulensis, eucalyptus microtheca, dalbegia sissoo, acacia salicina, acacia stenophylla, populus euphratica were selected. growth parameters, leaf samples and soil samples from different depths (0-30,...