Fundamental notions concerning absolute structure and absolute configuration, and their determination from single-crystal diffraction measurements, are presented and reviewed. A glossary of terms with definitions useful in this field is provided. For absolute structure and its determination, the separate but interacting influences of the structure and the inversion-distinguishing power of an X-...

Real-time PCR is being used increasingly as the method of choice for mRNA quantification, allowing rapid analysis of gene expression from low quantities of starting template. Despite a wide range of approaches, the same principles underlie all data analysis, with standard approaches broadly classified as either absolute or relative. In this study we use a variety of absolute and relative approa...

one of the main objectives of development policies in different countries is food security. extensive researches around the world specially during last decades show the role of nutrition in health, food security, increase of efficiency and economic development. considering that a healthy diet and having access to sufficient and healthy foods are the basic human rights, governments are obliged t...

Integral and integro-differential equations are one of the most useful mathematical tools in both pure and applied mathematics. In this article, we present a variational iteration method for solving Fredholm integro-differential equations. This study provides an analytical approximation to determine the behavior of the solution. To show the efficiency of the present method for our proble...

BACKGROUND Linear regression of efficiency or LRE introduced a new paradigm for conducting absolute quantification, which does not require standard curves, can generate absolute accuracies of +/-25% and has single molecule sensitivity. Derived from adapting the classic Boltzmann sigmoidal function to PCR, target quantity is calculated directly from the fluorescence readings within the central r...

Investigation of impurity transport properties in tokamak plasmas is essential and a diagnostic that can provide information on the impurity content is required. Combining charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS) and beam emission spectroscopy (BES), absolute radial profiles of impurity densities can be obtained from the CXRS and BES intensities, electron density and CXRS and BES emiss...