Decades of root research have led to a deep understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms regulating system architecture. This review provides past present-day with focus on abiotic factors, such as nutrient limitation, excess nutrients, water, salinity, temperature, light, selected heavy metals, hazardous contaminations which affected primary lateral growth. It also briefly summarized cur...

Abiotic stresses such as cold, drought and high salinity are common adverse environmental conditions that seriously influence plant growth and crop productivity worldwide. Some transcription factors (TFs) have been isolated and verified recently to play roles under abiotic stresses. Among them, the TF of DREB (Dehydration responsive element binding) can therefore regulate the expression of many...

Ethylene is essential for many developmental processes and a key mediator of biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. The ethylene signaling and response pathway includes Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs), which belong to the transcription factor family APETALA2/ERF. It is well known that ERFs regulate molecular response to pathogen attack by binding to sequences containing AGCCGCC motifs ...