Left ventricular systolic stiffness was measured by rapidly changing ventricular volume (within 7ms) of isovolumically contracting isolated rabbit hearts. Instantaneous pressure-volume relations were found to be linear with slopes that depended upon the moment during contraction at which the volume change was induced. These slopes were proportional to the total pressure developed in the ventric...

A Grid-Local Probability Road Map (PRM) method was proposed for the path planning of manipulators in dynamic environments. Based on idea boundary discretization, a double-grid model built to obtain mapping from obstacles configuration space. The collision detection simplified as data indexing process improve its efficiency. Times detections were reduced by employing local programming strategies...