The amygdala is a critical substrate for learning about cues that signal danger. Less is known about its role in processing innocuous or background information. The present study addressed this question using a sensory preconditioning protocol in male rats. In each experiment, rats were exposed to pairings of two innocuous stimuli in stage 1, S2 and S1, and then to pairings of S1 and shock in s...

For simplicity, we adopt the following convention: X is a complex unitary space, x, y, w, g, g1, g2 are points of X, z is a Complex, q, r, M are real numbers, s1, s2, s3, s4 are sequences of X, k, n, m are natural numbers, and N1 is an increasing sequence of naturals. Let us consider X, s1. We say that s1 is convergent if and only if: (Def. 1) There exists g such that for every r such that r > ...

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus enters cells through the activities of a spike protein (S) which has receptor-binding (S1) and membrane fusion (S2) regions. We have characterized four sequential states of a purified recombinant S ectodomain (S-e) comprising S1 and the ectodomain of S2. They are S-e monomers, uncleaved S-e trimers, cleaved S-e trimers, and dissociated S1 monome...

BACKGROUND Advances in techniques have left very few indications for open surgical extraction of urinary stones currently. These advances notwithstanding, the search continues for medical approaches to urinary stone management. In this study, we perform an in vitro study analyzing the efficiency and prospect of two new complex solutions in urological calcium phosphate calculi dissolution. MET...

The spike (S) protein of murine coronavirus JHMV, variant cl-2, comprises two polypeptides, N-terminal S1 (with an N-terminal signal peptide) and C-terminal S2 (with a C-terminal transmembrane domain). In order to express these subunits, we constructed three different vaccinia virus transfer vectors (VV-TVs) containing cDNAs encoding the S1 protein without a transmembrane domain (pSFS1utt), the...

Explicit generators are found for the group G2 of automorphisms of the algebra S2 of one-sided inverses of a polynomial algebra in two variables over a field of characteristic zero. Moreover, it is proved that G2 ≃ S2 ⋉ T 2 ⋉ Z ⋉ ((K∗ ⋉ E∞(S1))⊠GL∞(K) (K ∗ ⋉ E∞(S1))) where S2 is the symmetric group, T is the 2-dimensional torus, E∞(S1) is the subgroup of GL∞(S1) generated by the elementary matr...

PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of different recovery strategies on repeat cycling performance where a short duration between exercise bouts is required. METHODS Eleven highly trained cyclists (mean ± SD; age = 31 ± 6 y, mass = 74.6 ± 10.6 kg, height = 180.5 ± 8.1 cm) completed 4 trials each consisting of three 30-s maximal sprints (S1, S2, S3) on a cycle ergometer, separated by 20-min ...

We (numerically) construct new static, asymptotically AdS solutions where the conformal infinity is the product of time and S2 × S1. There always exist a family of solutions in which the S1 is not contractible and, for small S1, there are two additional families of solutions in which the S1 smoothly pinches off. This shows that (when fermions are antiperiodic around the S1) there is a quantum p...

We (numerically) construct new static, asymptotically AdS solutions where the conformal infinity is the product of time and S2 × S1. There always exist a family of solutions in which the S1 is not contractible and, for small S1, there are two additional families of solutions in which the S1 smoothly pinches off. This shows that (when fermions are antiperiodic around the S1) there is a quantum p...

Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative bacterium associated with gastritis, peptic ulceration, and gastric adenocarcinoma in humans, secretes a protein toxin, VacA, that causes vacuolar degeneration of epithelial cells. Several different families of H. pylori vacA alleles can be distinguished based on sequence diversity in the "middle" region (i.e., m1 and m2) and in the 5' end of the gene (i.e.,...