Pb inhibits plant growth. To study Pb tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa), we screened 229 varieties for Pb tolerance or sensitivity. Three-day-old seedlings were treated for 12 d with 20 microM Pb solution. Based on the dry weight of the root, three Pb-tolerant (var CH-55, var KH-2J, var Kumnung) and three Pb-sensitive (var Aixueru, var C-9491, var Milyang23) rice varieties were selected. The roo...

Pseudouridine 55 synthase (Psi55S) catalyzes isomerization of uridine (U) to pseudouridine (Psi) at position 55 in transfer RNA. The crystal structures of Thermotoga maritima Psi55S, and its complex with RNA, have been determined at 2.9 and 3.0 A resolutions, respectively. Structural comparisons with other families of pseudouridine synthases (PsiS) indicate that Psi55S may acquire its ability t...

Minima in geomagnetic activity (MGA) at Earth at the ends of SC23 and SC22 have been identified. The two MGAs (called MGA23 and MGA22, respectively) were present in 2009 and 1997, delayed from the sunspot number minima in 2008 and 1996 by ∼1/2–1 years. Part of the solar and interplanetary causes of the MGAs were exceptionally low solar (and thus low interplanetary) magnetic fields. Another impo...

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES v INTRODUCTION 1 NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY, DEFINITIONS, ASSUMPTIONS, AND ALGORITHMS 3 DAGS and Probability Distributions 3 Causal Graphs 9 The Markov Condition and the Causal Markov Condition 21 CARTWRIGHT’S CRITIQUE 22 The Faithfulness Assumption 22 The Markov Condition and the Factory Example 24 SOME RESPONSES TO CARTWRIGHT 29 The Factory Example and the...

Under 5 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9.8 5 to 9 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7.6 10 to 14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.7 15 to 19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.8 20 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Under 5 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.6 5 to 9 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.6 10 to 14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.5 15 to 19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 10.2 20 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

Under 5 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3 5 to 9 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6.4 10 to 14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 7.4 15 to 19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5.6 20 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Under 5 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 8.4 5 to 9 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 6.1 10 to 14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 7.8 15 to 19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 6.4 20 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....