BACKGROUND The frontiers of clinical medicine constantly expand as a result of the innovative efforts of visionary researchers and keen observations of seasoned clinicians. In medicine, rarely has a therapeutic agent been found efficacious in the management of so many symptoms and in such a relatively short time as botulinum toxin. One of the most notable contributions of botulinum toxin therap...

The purpose of this note is to explore some recent significant trends concerning the ageing of the global population and to discuss some of the economic implications therein; and to proffer some ideas on where fruitful research might be conducted by the health economist given these trends. Populations in many countries are ageing. Many countries are experiencing a shift in the distribution of t...

OBJECTIVE We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a package of roadway modifications in New York City funded under the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program. METHODS We used a Markov model to estimate long-term impacts of SRTS on injury reduction and the associated savings in medical costs, lifelong disability, and death. Model inputs included societal costs (in 2013 US dollars) and observed sp...

Introduction It is often discussed whether patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) should wear orthopedic insoles or not. The functions of insoles are to minimize pain or to assist foot deformities. JIA often goes along with foot impairments [1,2] describe different deviation and deformities which can develop of various pattern of foot joint involvements, like pes valgoplanus or hallu...

Many of the plant leucine rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) have been found to regulate signaling during plant defense processes. In this study, we selected and sequenced an LRR-RLK gene, designated as Oryza rufipogon receptor-like protein kinase 1 (OrufRPK1), located within yield QTL yld1.1 from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon (accession IRGC105491). A 2055 bp coding region and two ex...

The initial allocation of pollution permits is an important aspect of emissions trading schemes. We generalize the analysis of Böhringer and Lange (2005, Eur Econ Rev 49(8): 2041–2055) to initial allocation mechanisms that are based on inter-firm relative performance comparisons (including grandfathering and auctions, as well as novel mechanisms). We show that using firms’ historical output for...

1. Bodolay E, Szekanecz Z, Dévényi K et al. Evaluation of interstitial lung disease in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Rheumatology 2005;44:655–61. 2. Sharp GC, Irvin WS, Tan EM et al. Mixed connective tissue disease – an apparently distinct rheumatic disease syndrome associated with a specific antibody to an extractable nuclear antigen (ENA). Am J Med 1972;52:148–59. 3. Winn DM, Wolfe ...

Climate change could potentially alter the hydrologic cycle processes, such as precipitation, which affect surface runoff, temperature and relative humidity and are closely related to evaporation and streamflow in water bodies and evapotranspiration from plants. An ensemble of data composed of a baseline (base climatology) of the 19611990 model and climate projections were run (from 2025 to 205...

CC This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. *Correspondence: Jae Myung Park, MD Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal...