The fundamental foundations of human culture should include funeral and memorial rites, which reflect the life cycle an ethnic group. In emergency situations, there are changes in habitual image people concentration public attention on ritual sphere. Epidemics that differ scale mortality can be considered to such situations. article examines influence epidemics process Russia basis analysis 18t...

Background: Datura stramonium is a poisonous and common flowering plant that is a member of the Solanacae family. Datura poisonings are a rare occurrence in the 21st century, making toxicological information on this plant sparse. Historical information on Datura provides useful information on the clinical symptoms and characteristics of poisonings. This review looks at the state of knowledge on...

Many sunspot number series exist suggesting different levels of solar activity during the past centuries. Their reliability can be assessed only by comparing them with alternative indirect proxies. We test different sunspot number series against the updated record of cosmogenic radionuclide 44Ti measured in meteorites. Two bounding scenarios of solar activity changes have been considered: the H...

Do conflicts among naval powers hurt international trade? In theory the commercially relevant aspects of aggressive naval power can either thwart trade (through blockades, embargoes, commerce raiding, and guerre de course strategies) or facilitate trade (through control of trade routes and protection of shipping). Thus the question must be empirically addressed. Using a panel gravity model, we ...

The history between cetaceans and humans is documented throughout time not only in reports, descriptions, and tales but also in legal documents, laws and regulations, and tithes. This wealth of information comes from the easy spotting and identification of individuals due to their large size, surface breathing, and conspicuous above water behaviour. This work is based on historical sources and ...

The article based on the material of “Vedomosti” era Peter I, “St. Petersburg Vedomosti” and “Moscow 18th–19th centuries traces formation use letter Ѣ. established usage is compared with recommendations grammatical works centuries. specificity this norm that Ѣ was determined not only by Church Slavonic spelling tradition artificial rules for differentiating homonyms, but also some special patte...

[1] Temperature reconstructions for recent centuries are the basis of estimations of the natural variability in the climate system before and during the onset of anthropogenic perturbation. Here we present, for the first time, an independent and physically based reconstruction of mean annual temperature over the past half millennium obtained from groundwater in France. The reconstructed noble g...