This paper develops a new approach to testing for strategic entry deterrence and applies it to the behavior of pharmaceutical incumbents just before they lose patent protection. The approach involves looking at a cross-section of markets and examining whether behavior is nonmonotonic in the size of the market. Under certain conditions, investment levels will be monotone in market size if firms ...

This article provides an overview of wealth inequality in Germany during 1300–1850, introducing a novel database. We document four alternating phases decline and growth. The Black Death (1347–1352) led to decline, until about 1450. Thereafter, rose steadily. Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) the 1627–1629 plague triggered second phase reduction. distinguishes from other European areas where grew mo...

British Journal of PharmacologyVolume 180, Issue S1 p. 1347-1380 ABSTRACTSFree Access Safety Toxicology First published: 27 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.16115AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions Use check box below share version article.I have read accep...

In 1334 an epidemic struck the northeastern Chinese province of Hopei. This “Black Death” claimed up to 90% of the population, nearly five million people. The epidemic eventually reached and decimated Tartar forces that had been attacking Kaffa, a Genoese colony on the Crimean Peninsula. In 1347, the departing Tartars catapulted plagueinfested bodies into Kaffa. The Genoese quickly dumped these...

The use of an optically thick slab may provide versatile solutions for the realization of a current injection type laser using photonic crystals. Here, we show that a transversely higher-order defect mode can be designed to be confined by a photonic band gap in such a thick slab. Using simulations, we show that a high-Q of > 10 is possible from a finely tuned second-order hexapole mode. Experim...

the brain. Physiol Rev 2007;87:873–904. 31. Carpenter LL, Carvalho JP, Tyrka AR, Wier LM, Mello AF, Mello MF, Anderson GM, Wilkinson CW, Price LH. Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol responses to stress in healthy adults reporting significant childhood maltreatment. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:1080–87. 32. Buske-Kirschbaum A, Ebrecht M, Hellhammer DH. Blunted HPA axis responsiveness ...