Complete colorblindness (achromatopsia) is caused by autosomal recessively inherited mutations in the retinal phototransduction pathway, predominantly in the CNGA3and CNGB3-subunit of the cyclic nucleotidegated (CNG) channels in cone photoreceptors. CNGA3, which is mutated in about 25% of the achromatopsia patients, mainly harbors missense mutations which frequently impair the folding and/or tr...

objective(s): the structure- activity relationship of a series of 36 molecules, showing l-type calcium channel blocking was studied using a qsar (quantitative structure–activity relationship) method. materials and methods: structures were optimized by the semi-empirical am1 quantum-chemical method which was also used to find structure-calcium channel blocking activity trends. several types of d...

Calcium channels are known to exist in muscle, neuronal and secretory cells. The 1,4-dihydropyridines are potent blockers of L-type Ca channels, and have been used as specific probes in the study of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca channels. The receptor for the 1,4-dihydropyridines has been purified from skeletal muscle in order to characterize the biochemistry and molecular biology of the dihydro...

The venom of the black mamba contains a 60-amino acid peptide called calciseptine. The peptide has been fully sequenced. It is a smooth muscle relaxant and an inhibitor of cardiac contractions. Its physiological action resembles that of drugs, such as the 1,4-dihydropyridines, which are important in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Calciseptine, like the 1,4-dihydropyridines, selective...

A variety of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines were oxidized to their corresponding pyridines in high yields in the presence of Cu(C22H22N2O2) in refluxing acetic acid.

BACKGROUND Dialkyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates (1,4-DHP) have now been recognized as vital drugs. Some of these derivatives such as amlodipine, felodipine, isradipine, etc. have been commercialized. In view of wide range of biological properties associated with 1,4-DHP and owing to the biological importance of the oxidation step of 1,4-DHP, we carried out the synthesis a...