If a graph G can be represented by means of paths on grid, such that each vertex corresponds to one path the grid and two vertices are adjacent if only corresponding share edge, then this is called EPG representation representation. A k-bend an in which has at most k bends. The class all graphs have denoted Bk. Bℓm monotonic ℓ-bend representation, i.e. where ascending both columns rows. It triv...

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (kininase II [ACE]) inhibitors are capable of potentiating bradykinin (BK) effects by enhancing the actions of bradykinin on B(2) receptors independent of blocking its inactivation. To investigate further the importance of ACE kininase activity on BK-induced vasodilation, we investigated the effect of inhibiting ACE, as well as other kininases, on both BK metabolis...

Large conductance K+ (BK) channels are expressed widely in neurons, where their activation is regulated by membrane depolarization and intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i). To enable this regulation, BK channels functionally couple to both voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) and channels mediating Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. However, the relationship between BK channels and their specific Ca2...

Xu H, Garver H, Galligan JJ, Fink GD. Large-conductance Ca activated K channel 1-subunit knockout mice are not hypertensive. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 300: H476–H485, 2011. First published December 3, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00975.2010.—Large-conductance Ca -activated K (BK) channels are composed of poreforming -subunits and accessory 1-subunits that modulate Ca sensitivity. BK channel...

Retinal vasoconstriction and reduced retinal blood flow precede the onset of diabetic retinopathy. The pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie increased retinal arteriolar tone during diabetes remain unclear. Normally, local Ca release events (Ca -sparks), trigger the activation of large-conductance Ca -activated K (BK)-channels which hyperpolarize and relax vascular smooth muscle cells, th...

Liu, Gele, Leonard Kleine, Rania Nasrallah, and Richard L. Hébert. Bradykinin inhibits ceramide production and activates phospholipase D in rabbit cortical collecting duct cells. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Renal Physiol. 45): F589–F598, 1999.—Recent reports suggest that inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and vasoconstrictor peptides induce sphingomyelinase (SMase) activity. This results in the h...

In ventricular myocytes cultured from neonatal rat hearts, bradykinin (BK), kallidin or BK(1-8) [(Des-Arg9)BK] stimulated PtdinsP2 hydrolysis by 3-4-fold. EC50 values were 6 nM (BK), 2 nM (kallidin), and 14 microM [BK(1-8)]. BK or kallidin stimulated the rapid (less than 30 s) translocation of more than 80% of the novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms nPKC-delta and nPKC-epsilon from the solubl...

Large-conductance Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) (BK(Ca)) channels play a critical role in regulating urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) excitability and contractility. Measurements of BK(Ca) currents and intracellular Ca(2+) revealed that BK(Ca) currents are activated by Ca(2+) release events (Ca(2+) sparks) from ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The goals of this project were...

OBJECTIVE To study the metabolism of bradykinin (BK) after a single passage through the coronary bed in isolated Langendorff rat hearts. METHODS BK was infused into the aortic flow line to obtain a final concentration of 10 nM, and the coronary, effluent was collected to quantify BK and des-Arg9-BK by competitive enzyme immunoassay. The nature of immunoreactive material was confirmed by immun...

Large conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels (BK) are targets for research that explores therapeutic means to various diseases, owing to the roles of the channels in mediating multiple physiological processes in various cells and tissues. We investigated the pharmacological effects of curcumin, a compound isolated from the herb Curcuma longa, on BK channels. As recorded by whole-cell pat...