Currently, the study of nociception in humans relies mainly on thermal stimulation of heat-sensitive nociceptive afferents. To circumvent some limitations of thermal stimulation, it was proposed that intra-epidermal electrical stimulation (IES) could be used as an alternative method to activate nociceptors selectively. The selectivity of IES relies on the fact that it can generate a very focal ...

Adaptive behavior requires the ability to react to potentially harmful stimuli, characterized by high negative inherent emotional salience (iES) (e.g., spiders, snakes), and to the unexpected non-occurrence of anticipated events. When presented simultaneously, threatening stimuli and unexpected absence of anticipated outcomes induce distinct electrocortical responses in different time periods. ...

Abstract Integrated Energy System (IES) is an important part of the ISTEM, which IES, solves a variety energy storage, gas, electricity, heat, cold, etc., as IES. This paper proposes wide range integrated storage optimization configuration models for multiple IES architectures, and analyzes versatility model. First, establishment general model can cover various specific structures IES; secondly...

A feature of malaria in pregnancy is accumulation of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) in the placenta, which is associated with adverse outcomes for mothers and infants. Infection appears to involve parasite adhesion to molecules such as chondroitin sulfate A, hyaluronic acid, and immunoglobulins. In vitro, adhesion is predominantly a property of mature asexual forms of IEs; however, a...

Compounds from the odour-producing glands of the fox Vulpes vulpes were collected. This complex mixture of compounds was used to stimulate the `ascoid' olfactory organs of female sand ̄ies in single sensillum and gas chromatography-linked single sensillum recordings. Sixteen of these compounds were identi®ed using gas chromatography-linked mass spectrometry and amounts present were determined. T...

INTRODUCTION The Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) has been used in various epidemiological studies to assess the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous studies using the IES-R Japanese version to assess the mental health of firefighters were based on the premise that firefighters had experienced a traumatic event(s) as a matter of course. However, use of the IES-R-J ...

Deep tissue injury (DTI) is a severe type of pressure ulcer that commonly affects people with spinal cord injury (SCI). We have proposed the use of intermittent electrical stimulation (IES) as a novel preventative technique for DTI. The main goal of this study was to compare the changes in superficial pressure and tissue oxygenation generated by two different IES protocols: Continuous or Bursti...

Experiments in cognitive psychology usually return two dependent variables: the percentage of errors and the reaction time of the correct responses. Townsend and Ashby (1978, 1983) proposed the inverse efficiency score (IES) as a way to combine both measures and, hence, to provide a better summary of the findings. In this article we examine the usefulness of IES by applying it to existing datas...